“Not All Environmentalists Are Like That … ”: Unpacking the Negative and Positive Beliefs and Perceptions of Environmentalists

ABSTRACT

Limited research to date has qualitatively explored the perceptions members of the public who are not environmental activists hold of environmentalists. Therefore a qualitative survey was conducted with 89 US residents aged 21–53 (M_age?=?32.74, SD_age?=?7.89) to obtain an in-depth understanding of how non-activists within the public perceive environmentalists. Data obtained were analyzed using thematic analysis and demonstrated that non-activist perceptions of environmentalists contained both positive and negative components. Environmentalists were seen to value nature and to be actively involved in bringing about positive environmental change (positive component), yet were also viewed as aggressive in their behaviors and stubborn in their beliefs (negative component). Further still, it was found that environmentalists were more likely to be perceived positively when they engaged in individual-level, private sphere behaviors (such as recycling), and negatively when they engaged in collective-level, public sphere behaviors (such as protesting). These findings not only challenge the assumption that members of the public typically evaluate environmentalists negatively, they also outline why some individuals may fail to identify as an environmentalist and engage in pro-environmental behavior. Furthermore, they also provide some insight as to why some environmentalists find it difficult to advocate for system change that results from collective action within the public sphere.     

Collective guilt mediates the effect of beliefs about global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behavior

The present research examines whether collective guilt for an ingroup's collective greenhouse gas emissions mediates the effects of beliefs about the causes and effects of global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behavior. In Study 1, we manipulate the causes and effects of global warming and then measure collective guilt. Results demonstrate that collective guilt for Americans' greenhouse gas emissions is stronger when participants believe that global warming is caused by humans and will have minor effects. Study 2 employs the same manipulations and then measures collective guilt and collective anxiety, as well as willingness to conserve energy and pay green taxes. This study replicates the effect from Study 1 and rules out collective anxiety as a plausible alternative mediator. Collective guilt for Americans' greenhouse emissions was the only reliable mediator of the effect of beliefs about global warming on willingness to engage in mitigation behaviors. The importance of collective guilt as a tool for promoting global warming mitigation is discussed.     

Between Guilt and Obligation: Debating the Responsibility for Climate Change and Climate Politics in the Media

ABSTRACT

The “common but differentiated responsibility” of developed and developing countries to mitigate climate change is a core principle of international climate politics—but there is disagreement about what this “differentiated responsibility” amounts to. We investigate how newspapers in developed countries (Australia, Germany, United States) and emerging economies (Brazil, India) covered this debate during the UN climate summits in 2004, 2009, and 2014. Newspapers in both types of countries attributed more responsibility to developed than to developing countries. In line with social identity theory, however, media in developed countries attributed less causal responsibility (blame) to other developed countries than media in emerging economies. The latter countries’ media, in turn, attributed less responsibility to other developing countries than media in developed countries. At the same time, in line with the “differentiated responsibility”, media in developed countries attributed more responsibility to their own countries than media in emerging economies.     

红色旅游资源地游客国家认同的影响因素与多元路径研究——基于模糊集定性比较分析

红色旅游资源及其开发具有个体和群体意义,是国家认同实现的重要途径。采用多变量交互作用的模糊集定性比较分析方法,以游客国家认同为结果变量,构建社会记忆（人物记忆、环境记忆、时间记忆、空间记忆）、景区形象（吸引物形象、设施环境形象、文创宣传形象）、旅游体验、感知价值为前因变量,探索影响国家认同的前因条件组合与多元路径。研究结果表明：（1）对于单项因素来说,虽然人物记忆的一致性相对较高,但所有单因素都无法构成国家认同的充要条件。（2）9个变量共产生512种条件组合,满足条件的路径组合共11条,总体覆盖率为0.8916,构成了空间环境模式、形象价值模式、历史体验模式和时间综合模式四大类路径模式。（3）人物记忆出现在所有路径组合中,且所有组合同时包含至少一个社会记忆下的其他的二级维度,例如环境、时间或空间记忆。当社会记忆的四个二级维度全部出现时,产生了原始覆盖率最高的路径组合。（4）在原始覆盖率大于20%的6条路径中,都同时包含社会记忆和景区形象中的二级要素;在原始覆盖率小于20%的5条路径中,皆“一定不包含”设施环境形象。本文为红色旅游目的地在新格局下的高质量发展提供了理论参照。     

Addressing identity-related barriers to collaboration for conservation through self-affirmation theory and moral foundations theory

The natural resource management literature documents many reasons for pursuing collaborative processes, offering useful insights on how to manage conflict and facilitate productive deliberation in complex multistakeholder collaborative efforts. Moral foundations theory and self-affirmation theory can further help collaborative efforts mitigate conflicts caused by identity threats and the identity-protective reasoning these threats provoke. Moral foundations theory suggests an approach to increase collaboration by minimizing triggering language and helping people appreciate opposing viewpoints. Self-affirmation theory suggests a practical intervention that could be used to increase collaboration by desensitizing people to identity threats and reducing defensiveness. Taken together, these theories can contribute substantially to the understanding and practice of collaboration and conflict management for conservation.     

Applying models of employee identity management across cultures: Christianity in the USA and South Korea

Identity management refers to the decisions individuals make about how they present their social identities to others. We examined cross‐cultural differences in distancing and affirming identity management strategies of Christian‐identified employees utilizing samples from the USA and South Korea. Religious centrality, risks of disclosure, pressure to assimilate to organizational norms, and nation were key antecedents of chosen identity management strategies. Risks of disclosure and pressure to assimilate related to more distancing and less affirming strategies when religious centrality was low, but nation served as a boundary condition for the moderating effects of religious centrality. Distancing strategies related to negative outcomes regardless of religious centrality, but affirming strategies only related to positive outcomes when religious centrality was low. We discuss how this work contributes to theoretical and practical understanding of identity management in the workplace and across cultures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于扩展STIRPAT模型LMDI分解的碳排放脱钩因素

为研究经济发展与碳排放的脱钩情况,常用对数平均迪式指数分解法（LMDI）结合Kaya恒等式和Tapio脱钩模型计算碳变化量和弹性脱钩指数.借鉴上述方法,将STIRPAT模型与LMDI分解法相结合,建立STIRPAT模型的回归系数与碳变化量和脱钩弹性指数之间的数量关系,研究影响碳排放各因素的脱钩状态.结果表明：(1)STIRPAT模型LMDI分解法能够避免满足Kaya恒等式的IPAT模型中使用LMDI分解法时增加新变量的情况,部分新增变量往往缺乏明确的经济学含义;(2)LMDI分解将STIRPAT模型中的统计回归系数的含义,由变量的变动引起碳排放量变动的弹性系数,扩展到变量的变动引起碳变化量的倍数;(3)STIRPAT模型LMDI分解法,将数据的统计结果通过统计回归系数纳入到各因素的碳变化量和弹性脱钩指数之中,使弹性脱钩指数能够反映数据的统计信息;(4)以重庆市2001～2019年碳排放数据为例,来说明STIRPAT模型LMDI分解法可以用于判定碳排放变量的脱钩状态,能够体现数据本身所包含的统计信息,更能反映研究对象的实际情况.     

Disclosure of stigmatized identities at work: An interdisciplinary review and agenda for future research

This review focuses on the disclosure decisions faced by employees with concealable stigmatized identities—one of the most challenging decisions these individuals must make on a day-to-day basis. Indeed, multiple theoretical frameworks have provided a foundation for understanding the antecedents and outcomes associated with the decision to disclose or not to disclose a stigmatized identity. What is less clear, however, is the extent to which these frameworks have been empirically supported. This systematic review serves to unify the extant literature and prompt continued research related to employees with concealable stigmatized identities. Specifically, we draw upon multiple fields of study, including applied psychology, management, social psychology, and occupational health as a means to systematically synthesize the existing empirical research related to disclosure of stigmatized identities at work. In addition to advancing the scholarly knowledge of disclosure, this review also provides practical utility to organizations as they continue to create work environments that foster inclusion of all stigmatized and nonstigmatized employees.     

Work as good‐minded undertakings and effortless assignments: Chinese meaning of working for hospitality workers and its motivational implications

Meaning of working (MOW) or the understanding of the purpose of working is a cornerstone in organizational behavior. This study answers the call to explain the MOW in Eastern contexts characterized by interdependent identities. We collect our data from hospitality workers in Taiwan, where Chinese Confucian and Taoist cultural precepts are strong. Our findings reveal that our informants use 25 typical vocabularies of motive in establishing and maintaining five salient identities that gain significance through two Chinese work meanings (i.e., good‐minded undertakings and effortless assignments). These meanings demonstrate the theoretical contributions of our findings to the MOW literature. We also explore the interplay between our emic findings (grounded in Taoism and Confucianism Chinese cultures) with etic motivation theory to advance understanding of prevention and promotion foci.     

Co-Creating Green Transition: How Municipality Employees Negotiate their Professional Identities as Agents of Citizen Involvement in a Cross-Local Setting

Citizen involvement plays an important role in many governmental and municipal attempts towards green transition, reflecting a departure from a deficit model of public communication towards participatory ambitions of engaging citizens. Recently, the notion of co-creation or co-production has gained importance as a way of conceptualizing and organizing citizen involvement. The current study examines how four municipality partners in Sweden and Denmark embark on a common project on citizen involvement and co-creation as an avenue to green transition, addressing private decisions of individual citizens or families where the municipality has no legislative competence. By analysing how several local authorities with different but similar challenges negotiate and jointly identify themselves as agents of citizen involvement, the study offers an upscaling to what may be termed the plura-local level. Analytically, the study takes a discourse approach, combining close readings of texts and talk with an interdiscursive and diachronic analysis.