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Lone Kørnøv Jie Zhang Per Christensen 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(4):598-615
A number of factors are critical to the implementation of measures identified through Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) processes. This paper addresses the challenge of implementation from a street level perspective and studies the role of planners and their use of discretion in the SEA implementation process: in which way might planners hinder or facilitate the implementation of SEA? Which coping mechanisms and discretions are deliberately or unconsciously developed and used by the planners? The paper reviews the literature on street level bureaucracy (SLB) in order to identify both factors influencing the implementation behaviour of street level bureaucrats and their coping mechanism when confronted with these factors. Based upon the SLB theory, a case study explores the SLB behaviour involved in the implementation of the SEA of the Copenhagen spatial plan. The analysis shows a surprisingly high level of implementation of measures put forward in the SEA report, and underlines the role of planners at the front line of implementation, functioning as ‘innovators’ during the SEA process and the following implementation of measures. The paper documents the importance of examining planners’ role in SEA and their potential as levers for SEA implementation. 相似文献
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讨论了2000年02月~2019年08月不同分辨率、算法中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)产品在不同季节、区域、下垫面条件下中国区域的精度和适用性,在像元尺度上对比了重采样降低分辨率后的多角度大气校正(MAIAC)AOD数据与其他产品的精度.研究表明:在同等验证条件下,相较于暗目标算法(DT)、深蓝算法(DB)和暗目标与深蓝结合算法(DTB),1km MAIAC AOD产品在中国地区与AERONET站点AOD观测数据整体一致性最高,R2达到0.891,均方根误差(RMSE)仅为0.126,超过75%的验证样本落在期望误差线(EE)范围内;同时,该产品受季节、区域和下垫面变化影响也最小,其中秋季R2达到0.917,RMSE为0.111,样本落在EE内的比例达到80.11%.3km DT算法AOD产品在植被覆盖率较大的森林和农田区域优于1km MAIAC AOD产品,在植被覆盖率较小的草地和城市区域则差于1km MAIAC AOD产品,且该产品在不同季节均存在AOD高估问题,其中,夏季高估程度最高(平均相对误差(RMB)=1.622,AOD值高估62.2%).DB在长三角和珠三角地区存在AOD被低估的现象.DTB算法兼顾了DT算法和DB算法的优缺点,DTB算法AOD产品的相关性一般高于DB算法AOD产品,样本被高估程度一般低于DT算法AOD产品.通过重采样方法降低1km MAIAC AOD产品分辨率后,相同尺度下的MAIAC AOD数据精度优于DT算法、DB算法和DTB算法AOD产品,因此,MAIAC算法更适用于小尺度城市群集中区域的大气环境监测. 相似文献
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Tanja A. Börzel 《环境政策》2019,28(2):315-341
ABSTRACTThe European Union (EU) has become the main driver for environmental policy output for its member states whose number has more than tripled over the past four decades. The EU’s deepening and widening has led researchers to expect more non-compliance with EU environmental legislation. In fact, however, the implementation gap has narrowed over the past 25 years. Except for Southern enlargement, taking on new member states has not exacerbated the EU’s compliance problem in the field of environmental policy. Nor has the expansion of the environmental acquis. This is explained by the European Commission’s strategies of managing and enforcing compliance. EU environmental policy has become less demanding on member states since it increasingly tends to amend existing rather than set new legislation. Simultaneously, the Commission has developed new instruments to strengthen member state capacities to implement EU environmental legislation. 相似文献
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This paper offers an analysis of the implementation performance of the EU Ambient Air Quality directive in the Netherlands. It provides a systematic evaluation of the implementation of a procedural provision – the obligation to design air quality policy. It draws on original data on air quality policy measures that have been collected in 13 medium-sized Dutch municipalities. The analysis of differences in the implementation performance was performed using a novel three-dimensional conceptual framework. The findings illustrate great differences in the implementation performance between the municipalities. The focused comparison allowed establishing very precisely where the implementation performance is poor or even lacking, and which municipalities take their EU implementation task more seriously than others. Most puzzling, environmental problem pressure turned out not to act as a sufficient trigger for municipalities to take far-reaching air quality measures. In contrast to previous research, a more nuanced picture is painted when it comes to the concepts of ‘compliance’, ‘non-compliance’ and ‘over-compliance’. A careful dissection of the implementation performance based on the aspects of the conceptual framework produces hands-on recommendations to municipalities seeking to improve their air quality policy. 相似文献
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本文简要回顾了自1949年新中国成立到现在中国环境政策的发展历程,分析了每一个阶段环境政策的内容和特点,探讨了当前中国环境政策存在的问题,并对如何完善环境政策,如何有效执行环境政策提出了自己的建议。 相似文献
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5.12汶川特大地震灾害引起了社会和学术界对地震灾后重建规划广泛的关注。地震灾后重建规划几乎包含了当前规划领域中的所有挑战,是速度和质量兼顾、人性与理性权衡、社会经济与环境效益统一、多方博弈的过程,对灾后重建规划环评也从理论到实践层面提出了新的挑战。本文在对灾后重建规划特点进行归纳的基础上提出灾后重建规划环评相应具备的特点,即早期介入、与规划过程融合、增加灾害情景、突出规划协调性分析和应用反规划思路等特点,并进一步以《国家汶川地震灾后重建总体规划》为例说明了与灾后规划融合的环评流程、灾后规划环评的关键内容和评价思路。在对常用规划环评方法从信息成本、工作成本、客观和量化程度等原则进行评价后认为灾后重建规划环境评价中应有效利用比较评价法、GIS叠图法、生态承载力评价法等相对快捷、成熟或客观的方法。 相似文献
140.
大规模突发事件应急物资调度的过程模型 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
指出现有关于应急物资调度文献的不足,给出大规模突发事件的定义;结合我国近年来几起大规模突发事件总结出该事件的特征;分析大规模突发事件应急物资调度的特征,从应急物资的调度准备、调度实施、调度评估3个阶段进行设计并解释了大规模突发事件应急物资调度的全过程模型。该模型为大规模突发事件应急物资调度决策提供理论依据和方法指导,对当今的公共安全和社会稳定具有重要价值和现实意义。 相似文献