金沙江一期工程蓄水前后绥江段鱼类群落多样性特征

为探索流域梯级水电开发对鱼类群落多样性影响,于2011年(蓄水前)和2015年(蓄水后)对金沙江下游绥江断面进行渔业资源调查,分析鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明,绥江段共计采集鱼类60种,隶属于5目12科,其中长江上游特有鱼类12种。蓄水前以瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)为优势种类;蓄水后以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)为优势种类。与蓄水前相比,鱼类群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均呈现下降趋势,但无显著性差异(P0.05)。根据生态类群分析,静水缓流型鱼类由蓄水前54%增加到蓄水后的71%,河道洄游型鱼类从39%减少到20%,江湖洄游型鱼类蓄水前后变化不大。丰度生物量比较曲线显示,蓄水前绥江段鱼类群落未受到干扰,而蓄水后受到严重干扰。库区蓄水后总生物量有明显增加趋势,但优势种类趋于小型化、种类结构单一化。为科学保护金沙江下游流域鱼类生物多样性,建议成立鱼类保护区、开展梯级生态调度和加强流域环保预警研究等措施。     

模拟稻田中氮磷的变化特征及其降污潜力分析

为研究稻田中氮磷的变化特征和降污潜力,采用室外微区模拟稻田春耕施肥耕整试验,在3、6cm和9cm等3个不同蓄水深度处理（分别表示为t-3、t-6、t-9）条件下,对稻田氮磷含量变化的动态特征及降污潜力进行了探讨。田面水氮磷质量浓度变化与土壤中氮磷的流失密切相关。土壤扰动、基肥（缓释肥）的释放、硝化-反硝化作用、悬浮颗粒物（SS）的物理沉降等综合因素的影响,是导致田面水氮磷质量浓度变化呈先升后降趋势的主要原因。在蓄水处理后1周内,各处理的田面水氮磷质量浓度大小顺序为：Ct-3〉Ct-6〉Ct-9,总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）质量浓度与蓄水深度呈显著的负相关（Y=-33.97x＋133.4,R2=0.999和y=-0.115x＋0.61,R2=0.994）。春耕插秧时,因水分管理要求,需要立即排水,相对于蓄水3cm的常规水分管理,若能蓄水9cm后再排放,可减少排放总氮45.57%~86.88%、总磷33.02%~62.79%;若蓄水6cm再排放,可减少排放总氮35.76%~72.13%、总磷9.88%~50%。但考虑到＂浅水活苗＂之实际,以人工蓄水5~6cm较为适宜。另外,在蓄水5~6cm的前提下,于第5d或第7d排水,减排降污效果显著;第5d排水,相比第3d排水,可减少排放总氮21.22%~55.41%、总磷67.67%~83.70%。从稻田春耕生产实际要求和降污效能综合考虑,选择6cm的蓄水深度并在第5d排水,是提高稻田减排降污潜力的农艺措施之一。     

三峡水库调度对支流水体叶绿素a和环境因子垂向分布的影响

采用2018年三峡水库7～8月(低水位期)和10月(蓄水变动期)对库区支流香溪河和神农溪水文水动力和环境因子的监测数据,分析香溪河和神农溪的叶绿素a等指标在不同调度时期垂向分布特征,讨论不同时期影响其垂向分布的原因.结果表明,低水位期香溪河和神农溪的溶解氧、水温、pH值和叶绿素a垂向分布规律较为一致,各指标在0～10 ...     

三峡水库蓄水不同阶段总磷的变化特征

基于三峡水库2003年后的蓄水特点,本文将2003~2017年划分为4个蓄水阶段.根据三峡水库2003~2017年每月的水文水质数据,分析了自蓄水以来不同蓄水阶段总磷的变化特征.研究发现,首次蓄水阶段,三峡水库的滞留效应从2005年开始凸显.蓄水试运行阶段,干流断面总磷年均浓度在2008年沿程明显降低,此后清溪场断面受到乌江高浓度总磷汇入的一定影响.高水位正常运用期,除清溪场断面外,从铜罐驿至官渡口断面,总磷年均浓度呈现沿程降低的现象.上游梯级电站运行后,除官渡口断面外,干流其余断面总磷年均浓度随时间逐渐减小.官渡口断面于2016年首次出现总磷年均浓度高于沱口断面的现象.且总磷丰水期年均值不再明显高于枯水期.同时,在此蓄水阶段总磷浓度与流量相关性不显著,朱沱,铜罐驿和官渡口断面总磷浓度与悬浮物浓度相关性不显著.     

丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文时空变化的#br# 定量评估及其生态影响

采用变化范围法（RVA）定量研究了丹江口水库蓄水后汉江中下游水文情势的时空变化,评估出汉江干流变化度最大的江段和水文特征指标类别,分析了其对应的生态影响,并针对汉江流域的四大家鱼和水华问题进行了敏感水文指标的变化度分析。结果显示:丹江口大坝蓄水后,汉江下游河道流量是中变化度占主导,比例范围为47～63%;水位是高变化度占主导,襄阳站和皇庄站高变化度的水文指标所占比例远大于其它站点,依次为53% 和75%,各站水位较蓄水前下降了1～2 m。黄家港站高/低流量脉冲出现的频率减少（变化度为-0.49和 -0.62）,且持续的时间变短（变化度为-0.87和 -0.74）。皇庄站和襄阳站流量和水位的月均值和极值较蓄水前减少,逆转次数在高RVA范围内较蓄水前增加（变化度为1.82）。四大家鱼产卵的敏感水文指标出现频率较蓄水前减少,且为中高变化度。下游河道枯水期流量和水位减小,增加了水华发生几率。     

RUNOFF IMPOUNDMENT FOR SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN TEXAS1

ABSTRACT: The current increase in the demand for water by municipal, industrial, and other users is likely to result in approximately one-third less water being available for agricultural use in Texas by the year 2000. As water supplies diminish, the rainfall excess needs to be used more efficiently. Large amounts of runoff occur in the eastern part of Texas that could be collected in small impoundments and utilized for crop production. Farmers in water-surplus basins or subbasins can apply for a permit to divert surface water into small on-farm impoundments to be used for supplemental irrigation. The costs for runoff collection and two supplemental irrigations, which amount to a total of 4 in./yr., are estimated to be approximately $60/acre/year. Depending upon the crop produced, the estimated increase in gross income from supplemental irrigation ranges from about $80 to more than $100 per acre annually.     

Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in water and surface sediment from the Three Gorges Reservoir

After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR), the hydrological situation of the reservoir has changed greatly. The concentration and distribution of typical persistent organic pollutants in water and sediment have also changed accordingly. In this study, the concentration, distribution and potential sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and 6 phthalic acid esters(PAEs) during the water drawdown and impoundment periods were investigated in water and sediment from the TGR. According to our results, PAHs and PAEs showed temporal and spatial variations. The mean ΣPAH and ΣPAE concentrations in water and sediment were both higher during the water impoundment period than during the water drawdown period. The water samples from the main stream showed larger ΣPAH concentration fluctuations than those from tributaries. Both the PAH and PAE concentrations meet the Chinese national water environmental quality standard(GB 3838-2002). PAH monomers with 2–3 rings and 4 rings were dominant in water, and 4-ring and 5–6-ring PAHs were dominant in sediment. Di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP)were the dominant PAE pollutants in the TGR. DBP and DEHP had the highest concentrations in water and sediment, respectively. The main source of PAHs in water from the TGR was petroleum and emissions from coal and biomass combustion, whereas the main sources of PAHs in sediments included coal and biomass combustion, petroleum, and petroleum combustion. The main source of PAEs in water was domestic waste, and the plastics and heavy chemical industries were the main sources of PAEs in sediment.     

三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染特征

为揭示三峡水库蓄水期长江口多氯联苯的污染水平与空间分布特征,于2010年11月份采集长江口河道及邻近海域24个采样点表层沉积物和一个沉积物柱芯,对其中多氯联苯(PCBs)进行测定,结果表明本区PCBs污染处于较低水平,潜在生态风险较小.由于11月份处于枯季前期以及三峡水库蓄水期,外源PCBs输入变化以及三峡水库蓄水使得上游来沙减少,导致11月长江口PCBs含量较洪、枯季典型时段低.由于受海水倒灌和颗粒物盐析的共同作用,长江口北支的PCBs污染重于南支.在口外海域,受河口过滤器效应的影响,PCBs被潮流拦截在20m等深线区域.沉积物PCBs含量与沉积物TOC、粒径均无明显相关性.表层沉积物中PCBs组成以低氯取代PCBs为主.柱芯沉积物中PCBs组成与含量有明显分段特征.主成分分析发现南北支来源差异明显,较深柱芯与较浅柱芯差异明显.     

Forfeiture programs in California: why so few?

PROBLEM: It is estimated that at least 75% of suspended or revoked drivers continue to drive illegally. In states like California, there are also a substantial and growing number of people who drive without ever having been licensed. Some states, such as Ohio and California, have enacted vehicle impoundment and forfeiture programs as sanctions to reduce these offenses. Published evaluations indicate that vehicle impoundment laws reduce recidivism and crash rates. However, vehicle forfeiture programs have been less successful, mostly because of low levels of enforcement. METHOD: Police officers and district attorneys from 17 jurisdictions were interviewed by phone or in person to determine current enforcement levels and impediments to more aggressive application of statutory authority. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The survey found that most California jurisdictions are enforcing vehicle impoundments for first-time offenders. However, very few jurisdictions were enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law for repeat offenders. Among the reasons for not enforcing the vehicle forfeiture law was a perception that it was too time-consuming and/or not a priority among prosecutors. However, a number of authorities indicated that the simple vehicle impoundment procedure is often functionally equivalent to forfeiture because many drivers fail to retrieve the vehicle at the end of the impoundment period. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Vehicle impoundment programs are effective mechanisms in deterring illicit driving, and states should be encouraged to initiate vehicle impoundment laws. States could achieve even greater safety benefits if vehicle forfeiture sanctions were extensively used for repeat offenders. However, based on California's experience, the incremental benefits of vehicle forfeiture (over vehicle impoundment) may not be very great.     

Sedimentation retention basin utilization for best management practice

Approaches to the artificial impoundment and theoretical design of sedimentation retention basin are reviewed with particular attention to best management practice(BMP) to control agriculture and surface runoff. Sediments retention basins are the small version of farm pond usedwhere a criteria of farm pond is not met. Such basin traps the pollutants and suspended solids prior to entry into streams and lakes. The study is focused with special reference to the assessment and control of non-point source pollution(NPSP) from the sub-basin area of Tai Lake in the Xishan County of Wuxi City of China, The author suggested two different approaches to conduct this study including theoretical design for sedimentation retention basin and computation of flow, sediment transport and deposition during the artificial impoundment of retention basin for BMP‘s utilization. Theoretical design will provide a useful function as a first line defense against the movement of sediments and transport of pollutants into the Tai Lake while the assessment of sediments deposition will help to make its proper use and periodic cleanup.