危险废物焚烧中污染防治的过程控制

危险废物焚烧污染防治的重点在烟气的处理上,一般情况下烟气处理的能力是固定不变的,但焚烧系统焚烧的危险废物是千差万别的,产生的烟气中污染物浓度也是变化很大的,如果不优化废料配给等系统,很难保证烟气经处理后能达标排放。因此危险废物焚烧中污染防治是一个系统工程,需要焚烧过程中各个环节优化控制。本文以一德国企业的危险废物焚烧设备为例,详细论述在编写焚烧日计划、焚烧系统、热能利用系统和烟气处理系统等各环节的污染防治的过程控制。     

陇东油田含油污泥处理技术

阐述了陇东油田含油污泥及其处理现状,重点介绍了陇东油田在含油污泥处理技术上的探索与实践。一种方法是将含油污泥经过化学剂处理后作为调剖剂用于注水井调剖,达到了增油降水效果。另一种方法是对大量的含油污泥采取规模化的焚烧集中处理,最终达到含油污泥的规范、合理处置。     

利用EIA法快速筛查垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中的二恶英毒性水平

基于CAPE技术公司的兔子复合克隆抗体的二恶英(PCDD/F)酶免疫分析试剂盒,建立了快速检测垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性(TEQ值)的方法.试剂盒的最低检测限为3.3pg·tube-1(即3.3pgTEQ每EIA试管),线性检测范围为10～30pg·tube-1.样品经甲苯索氏抽提后过硅胶柱连接小碳柱净化处理,TCDD/F的回收率大约为50%,与原飞灰PCDD/F分布模式相比净化处理后样品中的TCDD/F含量明显降低.用净化处理后的飞灰溶液作标准溶液,绘制PCDD/F剂量-效应关系曲线,定量分析了2个飞灰样品和2个烟气样品的TEQ浓度,结果表明分析样品的TEQ实测值(HRGC/HRMS分析获得)与预测值(标准曲线计算值)的相对偏差(Rd)均小于15%,说明用该方法定量分析垃圾焚烧飞灰和烟气中PCDD/F毒性是可行的.     

垃圾焚烧厂对环境空气中二噁英影响研究

本文通过对垃圾焚烧炉废气和周边环境空气采样,采用同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)法分析样品中二噁英浓度。废气样品中二噁英总浓度为0.919~1.152 ng TEQ/m^3,总毒性当量为0.071~0.100 ng TEQ/m^3,环境空气样品中二噁英总浓度为1.194~2.268 pg TEQ/m^3,总毒性当量为0.100~0.200 pg TEQ /m^3。比较废气与环境空气中各PCDD/Fs单体浓度的占比,得出该农村区域范围内环境空气中二噁英污染物主要来源于该垃圾焚烧炉。     

回转窑在医废焚烧工程应用中的参数优化

以规模3 t/h的某医疗废物焚烧生产线为依托,优化分析了回转窑焚烧装置核心控制参数(窑头温度、供风量及窑转速),考察了不同负荷、回转窑转动模式及进料方式对焚烧效果的影响,结果表明:窑头温度升高,有利于提高焚烧效果,是影响焚烧效果最重要的工艺参数;75%负荷时最佳工况是窑头温度850℃、窑转速0.09 r/min、供风量7 000 Nm3/h;连续反转的回转窑转动模式和恒流量的连续进料技术,有助于保持良好焚烧工况,炉渣热灼减率分别达到2.6%和2.3%。     

污水厂出水回用于污泥焚烧烟气的净化

开展了污水处理厂出水回用于污泥焚烧烟气净化的实验研究。生化出水净化吸收污泥焚烧烟气的效果与气水比、进气浓度、进水pH、进水碱度和水温等因素有关。研究结果表明,气水比10∶1,进水pH为7条件下,生化出水能够有效吸收污泥焚烧烟气中的各种污染物质,出气中气体污染物低于《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》（GB18485-2001）的排放限值要求,吸收后出水各指标均低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中污染物排放限值的要求。该工艺脱硫效率可达90%,具有系统简单可靠、以废治废、不产生二次污染等优点。     

地聚合材料固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

以垃圾焚烧飞灰和高岭土为主要原料,氢氧化钾为碱激活剂制备了地聚合材料,当焚烧飞灰的掺加量在70%时,其28 d抗压强度可达19.36 MPa。重金属浸出实验表明,地聚合物材料对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属有明显的固化效果,在28 d时基本无溶出。SEM结果表明,地聚合材料的断面结构与力学性能和固化效果相关,XRD和FTIR的分析结果表明,焚烧飞灰和高岭土在碱的激发下生成新的硅铝酸盐聚合物,所得地聚合材料为无定形态。     

Approach of technical decision-making by element flow analysis and Monte-Carlo simulation of municipal solid waste stream

This paper deals with the procedure and methodology which can be used to select the optimal treatment and disposal technology of municipal solid waste （MSW）, and to provide practical and effective technical support to policy-making, on the basis of study on solid waste management status and development trend in China and abroad. Focusing on various treatment and disposal technologies and processes of MSW, this study established a Monte-Carlo mathematical model of cost minimization for MSW handling subjected to environmental constraints. A new method of element stream （such as C, H, O, N, S） analysis in combination with economic stream analysis of MSW was developed. By following the streams of different treatment processes consisting of various techniques from generation, separation, transfer, transport, treatment, recycling and disposal of the wastes, the element constitution as well as its economic distribution in terms of possibility functions was identified. Every technique step was evaluated economically. The Mont-Carlo method was then conducted for model calibration. Sensitivity analysis was also carried out to identify the most sensitive factors. Model calibration indicated that landfill with power generation of landfill gas was economically the optimal technology at the present stage under the condition of more than 58% of C, H, O, N, S going to landfill. Whether or not to generate electricity was the most sensitive factor. If landfilling cost increases, MSW separation treatment was recommended by screening first followed with incinerating partially and composting partially with residue landfilling. The possibility of incineration model selection as the optimal technology was affected by the city scale. For big cities and metropolitans with large MSW generation, possibility for constructing large-scale incineration facilities increases, whereas, for middle and small cities, the effectiveness of incinerating waste decreases.     

催化快速测定法测定高氯高浓度有机废液的化学需氧量

化学化工等行业产生大量含无机盐的高浓度难降解有机废水,介绍了氯离子浓度和有机物浓度都大大超过测定范围的有机废水COD的测定方法。该方法当氯离子的浓度在20000～60000mg/L时,相对误差在0.15%～5.8%之间;并有较高的精密度,6次平行测定的结果相对标准差<2%;加标回收率为99%～101%;与标准方法相比不存在显著性差异。     

A critical review on plastic waste administration

The management of plastic waste through various methods such as landfilling, recycling, and incineration has several inherent shortcomings, such as a lack of resources, preparation, motivation, financial power, and expertise. Additionally, these methods are unable to handle the quantity and types of plastic waste, nor do they increase the public's interest in plastic waste management practices. According to research, environmental, economic, and social factors are the main drivers for reducing plastic waste. Experts from around the world have identified four significant areas of concern for which solutions have been proposed: methods of plastic waste reduction and management, the amount of plastic waste, the quality of waste/plastic, and awareness of plastic waste management/cost of plastic waste management. However, individual solutions proposed for these key areas of concern are facing several challenges, leading to delays in their adoption or less popularity globally. The review has identified the reasons for the less popularity of existing plastic waste management methods, which are less environmentally friendly and have a complex process, hence requiring serious reconsideration from technocrats and researchers to develop more sustainable and efficient procedures that do not produce more hazardous by-products. This study also found that financial incentives are one of the main drivers to ensure the mass participation of lower and working-class people.