基于产业调整的太湖流域生态环境优化探讨

以流域为单元进行水资源综合管理,是实现资源、环境与经济社会协调发展的重要途径. 产业调整能控制污染源的数量和种类,是区域环境治理的关键环节和有效手段. 从湖泊流域产业的特有结构分析出发,以太湖为例,分析了当前太湖流域环境问题、产生的原因及其存在的产业不合理性,探讨了点源污染、线源污染和面源污染的成因及其对污染总量的贡献、治理方案并加以对比分析;探讨了湖泊流域产业调整和优化对区域生态环境的改善及污染控制治理中的作用,基于污染总量恒定或稳步下降、经济发展速度不变的情况下,对流域产业升级和优化调整提出了具体的产业结构和政策,这对指导湖区流域可持续发展具有一定的理论意义和实践价值.      

吉州生态工业园规划建设探讨

吉州工业园率先在江西省进行了生态工业园规划建设试点。文章介绍了吉州生态工业园规划建设的指导思想与原则,从5个核心系统和三大循环系统阐述了吉州生态工业园规划建设的总体框架,并提出了电子信息产业、机械加工产业、造纸化工产业、食品加工产业4个主导产业的工业生态系统规划,同时提出了吉州生态工业园近期建设的补链项目,预测分析吉州生态工业园近期建设的经济效益、环境效益、社会效益进行。     

Effects of spatial autocorrelation and sampling design on estimates of protected area effectiveness

Estimating the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in reducing deforestation is useful to support decisions on whether to invest in better management of areas already protected or to create new ones. Statistical matching is commonly used to assess this effectiveness, but spatial autocorrelation and regional differences in protection effectiveness are frequently overlooked. Using Colombia as a case study, we employed statistical matching to account for confounding factors in park location and accounted for for spatial autocorrelation to determine statistical significance. We compared the performance of different matching procedures—ways of generating matching pairs at different scales—in estimating PA effectiveness. Differences in matching procedures affected covariate similarity between matched pairs (balance) and estimates of PA effectiveness in reducing deforestation. Independent matching yielded the greatest balance. On average 95% of variables in each region were balanced with independent matching, whereas 33% of variables were balanced when using the method that performed worst. The best estimates suggested that average deforestation inside protected areas in Colombia was 40% lower than in matched sites. Protection significantly reduced deforestation, but PA effectiveness differed among regions. Protected areas in Caribe were the most effective, whereas those in Orinoco and Pacific were least effective. Our results demonstrate that accounting for spatial autocorrelation and using independent matching for each subset of data is needed to infer the effectiveness of protection in reducing deforestation. Not accounting for spatial autocorrelation can distort the assessment of protection effectiveness, increasing type I and II errors and inflating effect size. Our method allowed improved estimates of protection effectiveness across scales and under different conditions and can be applied to other regions to effectively assess PA performance.     

空气污染视角下北京市产业结构调整的政策模拟研究

空气污染问题是制约经济社会健康发展的重要因素,产业结构调整是缓解该问题的重要途径,探究产业结构调整对于空气污染问题的改善效应具有重要的意义。本文以环境保护和经济增长为双重目标,以投入产出理论为基础,构建了一个一般的具有政策权重的产业结构双目标优化模型。模型目标中的权重体现了政策对两个目标的倾向性需求。给定了某种政策权重,就能根据优化模型计算出最优的产业结构。进一步,我们以SO 2的排放量作为环保指标,以GDP作为经济指标,利用上述模型,依据实际数据,在不同政策权重下,对北京市2017年的产业结构进行了模拟测算,从而给出了与之对应的北京市最优化的产业结构调整方案。特别地,选择了其中三种政策倾向力度,即经济增长偏向性政策、中性政策、环境保护偏向性政策方案,分别给出了最优产业结构方案的数量结果和两个目标的值。我们注意到,2017年的实际值与2016年的实际值相比,2017年的污染物SO 2的排放量大幅减少,且GDP也有所增加,这表明了政府部门的政策相对有效。但是,我们计算出的三种最优化的产业结构对应的两个目标值均优于2017年实际值。事实上,对于经济偏向性政策,最优化的产业结构使得GDP的数量上升更多,而SO 2的排放量也减少了不少;即使是采用环保偏向性政策,不仅使污染物SO 2的排放量更少,而且使GDP的数量仍然高于2017年的实际值。这说明本文提出的通过优化产业结构实现环境保护是一个可行的、合理的途径。     

长江产业带投资条件比较与综合分等评价

将长江干流沿江地区建设成具有强大经济实力的国家级产业密集带是９０年代国家调整宏观经济发展布局的重大战略举措。在大规模投资开发过程中如何按照各地投资环境特点，选择最佳的投资区位和适宜的投资方向是十分重要的。本文选取了能基本反映研究地区投资环境状况的基础设施条件，经济发展水平，科教发达程度，主要资源赋存和区域环境质量５类因素共１４项指标，以产业带范围内的４０个地市为地域单元，对产业带内部的投资环境条件     

电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式的实证分析——以乌兰水泥集团公司为例

煤炭发电产业每年有大量废渣量，占用大量耕地并需支付大量环保费用，对环境的污染和危害越来越严重，如何解决煤炭发电产业废渣问题成为全国各地发展中的重要问题。本文以乌兰水泥集团公司作为实例，分析了电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式，主要启示和建议为：①电力-水泥产业共生模式值得推广；②因地制宜，建立循环经济基地；③产业循环链的设计是关键；④不断进行循环利用技术研究；⑤拓展融资渠道；⑥引进人才，加大培训力度；⑦建设循环经济信息系统。     

Problems and Strategies of Industrial Transformation of China's Resource-based Cities

Resource-based cities face vital economic, social, and environmental problems during their industrial transformation. Urban industrial structure is a traditional primary industrial pattern, which is resource-based and resource-intensive economy with low level technology and efficiency. They encounter tremendous pressure of unemployment and social security. Resources of such cities are on the verge of extinction, in addition, the environmental pollution and ecological conditions are becoming worse. The cities have significant institutional issues and their innovation capacity is inadequate. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out strategic innovations to realize the successful economic transformation of resource-based cities. The strategic innovations include innovation of development goals, equalization of social welfare, sustainable economic development, coordinative development between eco-environment and socioeconomy, and circular economy development strategies optimizing diversified industrial structures. In addition, forming eco-industrial system and changing traditional growth pattern, strategy of resource and industrial substitution and supplement, scientific and technological innovation strategy —late-comer's advantages of development of new high-tech ecocity development strategy and innovation of institutional mechanism and systems.     

TOXIC TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION IN GROUND WATERS AROUND PATANCHERU AND BOLARAM INDUSTRIAL AREAS, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA: A GRAPHICAL APPROACH

Patancheru and Bolaram are satellite industrial towns nearHyderabad with over 300 large andmedium scale pharmaceutical, heavy engineering, paints, paperand chemical factories. The industriesof the area generate a cumulative 8 × 10⁶ l/day ofeffluents which are being directly dischargedon to surrounding land, irrigation fields, and surface waterbodies which finally enter into theNakkavagu River a tributary of the Manzira River. The presentstudy on abundance and distributionpattern of toxic trace elements indicates the quantitativeaspect of pollution in the Nakkavagu Basin.Migration patterns drawn for TDS, toxic elements such as Cu,As, Se, Zn, B, Cr and iron indicate thatpollutants discharged by the industries are entering thesurface and groundwater system (aquifers) andare also migrating towards the Manzira River furtherdeteriorating the entire hydrological setup of the area.Entry and dispersion of pollutants in the hydrological systemis shown by distribution diagrams. Aconservative estimate indicates that the effect of pollutantson the agricultural lands and water bodiesextends 0.25 to 0.5 km to either side of the Nakkavagu Riverover a length of 25 km. In addition tothis, the movement of pollutants with ground water in thedownstream direction worsened thehydrological system and increased the possibility ofgeo-accumulation of pollutants in biota. Openwells, dug wells and tanks have become useless and redundantas the concentrations of Cu, Se, As,B, Cr and Fe have increased to 5 to 10 times the permissiblelimits. Several villages have beenaffected by the toxic pollutants in the area. The groundwatersystem is polluted over a large area asshown in elemental migration diagrams and is not potable.Tentatively an area of 20 sq km can becategorized as the worst affected by various pollutants.     

关于长江中游沿江产业带建设的构想

长江中游沿江地区具有特殊的战略地位，其产业带建设又面临上海浦东开发和三峡工程建设两大契机。必须扩大对外开放，建设开放型产业带；加快改革步伐，建立社会主义市场经济体系；以资源优化配置，促进长江产业带整体效益的提高；必须协调资源、环境与产业带建设的关系，加强基础产业，调整加工制造业，合理布局生产，实现持续发展。     

Zooplankton as an Indicator of the State of Lake Ecosystems Polluted with Mining Wastewater in the Kola Peninsula

The most informative characteristics of the zooplankton-community response to the effect of industrial wastewater from mines have been determined using water bodies of the Kola Peninsula as an example. It has been demonstrated that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of zooplankton depend on the degree of industrial pollution of a water body and adequately reflect differences in the conditions of zooplankton growth between the whole water bodies and their individual parts. The role of zooplankton as an indicator has been assessed and the possibility of including it in the system of monitoring of water objects has been substantiated.