电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式的实证分析——以乌兰水泥集团公司为例

煤炭发电产业每年有大量废渣量，占用大量耕地并需支付大量环保费用，对环境的污染和危害越来越严重，如何解决煤炭发电产业废渣问题成为全国各地发展中的重要问题。本文以乌兰水泥集团公司作为实例，分析了电力-水泥产业共生循环经济模式，主要启示和建议为：①电力-水泥产业共生模式值得推广；②因地制宜，建立循环经济基地；③产业循环链的设计是关键；④不断进行循环利用技术研究；⑤拓展融资渠道；⑥引进人才，加大培训力度；⑦建设循环经济信息系统。     

关于长江中游沿江产业带建设的构想

长江中游沿江地区具有特殊的战略地位，其产业带建设又面临上海浦东开发和三峡工程建设两大契机。必须扩大对外开放，建设开放型产业带；加快改革步伐，建立社会主义市场经济体系；以资源优化配置，促进长江产业带整体效益的提高；必须协调资源、环境与产业带建设的关系，加强基础产业，调整加工制造业，合理布局生产，实现持续发展。     

湖北省1981年以来不同时间尺度气温的变化

详细分析全省７１站１９８１￣１９９４年与前２０年不同时间尺度平均气温差值的时空分布特征后发现，８０年代以来我省各地年均气温变化小，但相对地降温范围广，幅度大，且四季及逐月、甸格局发生重大调整，区域差异明显，其特点是冬久暖，夏久凉，春季前冷后暖，秋季反之、其中以夏凉春热最显著；鄂西山区四季均为负变温。     

攀枝花市空气监测优化布设的方法

在分散成若干片区、地形复杂的工业城市进行空气监测优化布设时,应先确定测点所在的片区。优化时必须考虑地形和气象特点、污染源的分布和片区的功能特征。再根据片区内主要污染物及源分布确定决策团子。优化时再考虑片区内的污染气象条件,采用适当的空气扩散模式和动态模拟的方法。经过夏、秋两季实测结果证明,优化的测点代表性良好。     

大亚湾惠州岸段城市化发展与海岸带生态系统保护协调研究

在分析海岸带生态系统结构、功能特点的基础上，指出大亚湾惠州岸段可持续发展的途径就是实现经济开发与海岸带生态环境保护之间的协调发展，为此，提出了区域生态－－经济系统综合效益表达工，并运用该表达式，从大亚湾海水环境保护的角度出发，得出了惠州大亚湾沿岸地区在１９９４年－２０１０年间工业发展的合理速度。     

Cleaner industrial production practice in Ethiopia: problems and prospects

In this article, cleaner industrial production (CIP) from the Ethiopian perception, the conditions for implementation, the barriers encountered during implementation and the strategies used are discussed. In addition, the outcome of the project is highlighted.The barriers related to the implementation of Industrial CIP in Ethiopia are mainly due to:

• the lack of awareness on the part of the industrial sector;

• the lack of commitments from the high level management;

• the nature of the existing factories.

Cleaner production as a concept is not yet fully understood in Ethiopia and for this a vigorous awareness campaign has to continuously be conducted through all possible media. So far, awareness seminars, workshops and demonstration projects have been held and proved to be effective in facilitating the implementation of National Cleaner Industrial Production Project of Ethiopia (NACIPPE 1 and 2). It was, however, sad to note that at the time of the campaign, government promulgated a decree to the effect that state-owned factories were going to be privatized any time, which, to a considerable extent lowered the management's commitment towards the CIP projects.The first and second phases of NACIPPE 1 and 2 were implemented in 1997 and 1998 respectively. Forty industries from public and private sectors participated in the training and waste audit exercises and a total of 61 audit experts and 156 audit assistants were trained. The package was divided into three technical training components and three waste audit practices. The technical support was extended by hiring a private enterprise, Chem. Tech. Center Sh. Co.     

Model-Based Assessment of Aspen Responses to Elk Herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park,USA

In Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) has been observed to be declining on elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) winter range for many decades. To support elk management decisions, the SAVANNA ecosystem model was adapted to explore interactions between elk herbivory and aspen dynamics. The simulated probability of successful vegetative regeneration for senescent aspen stands declines sharply when elk densities reach levels of 3–5 elk/km², depending on model assumptions for the seasonal duration of elk foraging activities. For aspen stands with a substantial component of younger trees, the simulated regeneration probability declines more continuously with increasing elk density, dropping below 50% from densities at 8–14 elk/km².At the landscape scale, simulated aspen regeneration probability under a scenario of extensive seasonal use was little affected by elk population level, when this level was above 300–600 elk (25%–50% current population) over the ca. 107 km² winter range. This was because elk distribution was highly aggregated, so that a high density of elk occupied certain areas, even at low population levels overall. At approximately current elk population levels (1000–1200 elk), only 35%–45% of senescent aspen stands are simulated as having at least a 90% probability of regeneration, nearly all of them located on the periphery of the winter range. Successful management for aspen persistence on core winter range will likely require some combination of elk population reduction, management of elk distribution, and fencing to protect aspen suckers from elk browsing.     

Toward Sustainable Management of National Parks in Japan: Securing Local Community and Stakeholder Participation

Japan’s national park system constitutes a potentially viable mechanism for securing local community participation and building stakeholder consensus for sustainable park management, although the potential of this system is yet to be fully maximized. This article gives an overview of the system of protecting natural resources in Japan, focusing on the national park system. Parks are managed by zoning and regulation, which is unique in that land is not “set aside” for nature conservation, but designated as national park wherever the need to preserve “scenic beauty” has been recognized, regardless of land ownership or land use. Although resource conservation under this system has been problematic, it has advantages, especially in terms of community participation. This article demonstrates that in order to reach the system’s potential, the park authority must act as coordinator of stakeholders and facilitator of bottom-up approaches to decision-making. In order to do this, steps that must be taken include the following: identifying the various stakeholders in park management and defining the “local community”; clarifying the roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder; and supporting consensus-building among stakeholders regarding the objectives and long-term vision of each park. By taking these steps, it would be possible to build a park management system that overrides government boundaries and involves local communities. This will enable the park authority to address the challenges facing Japan’s complex system of conserving natural resources, and move towards sustainable management of natural resources in Japan.     

Effects of spatial autocorrelation and sampling design on estimates of protected area effectiveness

Estimating the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in reducing deforestation is useful to support decisions on whether to invest in better management of areas already protected or to create new ones. Statistical matching is commonly used to assess this effectiveness, but spatial autocorrelation and regional differences in protection effectiveness are frequently overlooked. Using Colombia as a case study, we employed statistical matching to account for confounding factors in park location and accounted for for spatial autocorrelation to determine statistical significance. We compared the performance of different matching procedures—ways of generating matching pairs at different scales—in estimating PA effectiveness. Differences in matching procedures affected covariate similarity between matched pairs (balance) and estimates of PA effectiveness in reducing deforestation. Independent matching yielded the greatest balance. On average 95% of variables in each region were balanced with independent matching, whereas 33% of variables were balanced when using the method that performed worst. The best estimates suggested that average deforestation inside protected areas in Colombia was 40% lower than in matched sites. Protection significantly reduced deforestation, but PA effectiveness differed among regions. Protected areas in Caribe were the most effective, whereas those in Orinoco and Pacific were least effective. Our results demonstrate that accounting for spatial autocorrelation and using independent matching for each subset of data is needed to infer the effectiveness of protection in reducing deforestation. Not accounting for spatial autocorrelation can distort the assessment of protection effectiveness, increasing type I and II errors and inflating effect size. Our method allowed improved estimates of protection effectiveness across scales and under different conditions and can be applied to other regions to effectively assess PA performance.     

南京公园降尘中重金属污染水平及风险评价

分析了南京10个公园大气降尘中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和美国EPA健康风险评价方法进行重金属污染水平、生态风险和健康风险的评价.结果表明,重金属污染水平较高的有燕子矶公园、大桥公园和莫愁湖公园.与其他部分城市如长春、武汉和北京相比,南京市公园降尘中的重金属含量偏高.地积累指数评价结果表明,Pb处于中度污染水平,Zn和Cu均处于中度至严重污染水平,而Cd处于严重至极度污染水平.Cd的生态风险水平为很强生态风险.健康风险评价结果显示,各重金属均不存在非致癌风险.Cd、Cr和Ni均不存在致癌风险(风险值10~(-6)),As的致癌风险在10~(-6)~10~(-4)之间,存在一定的致癌风险,但是在可接受范围之内.