Long-range transport of acidifying substances in East Asia—Part II: Source–receptor relationships

Region-to-grid source–receptor (S/R) relationships are established for sulfur and reactive nitrogen deposition in East Asia, using the Eulerian-type Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with emission and meteorology data for 2001. We proposed a source region attribution methodology by analyzing the non-linear responses of the CMAQ model to emission changes. Sensitivity simulations were conducted where emissions of SO₂, NO_x, and primary particles from a source region were reduced by 25%. The difference between the base and sensitivity simulations was multiplied by a factor of four, and then defined as the contribution from that source region. The transboundary influence exhibits strong seasonal variation and generally peaks during the dry seasons. Long-range transport from eastern China contributes a significant percentage (>20%) of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen as well as sulfur deposition in East Asia. At the same time, northwestern China receives approximately 35% of its sulfur load and 45% of its nitrogen load from foreign emissions. Sulfur emissions from Miyakejima and other volcanoes contribute approximately 50% of the sulfur load in Japan in 2001. Sulfur inflows from regions outside the study domain, which is attributed by using boundary conditions derived from the MOZART global atmospheric chemistry model, are pronounced (10–40%) over most parts of Asia. Compared with previous studies using simple Lagrangian models, our results indicate higher influence from long-range transport. The estimated S/R relationships are believed to be more realistic since they include global influence as well as internal interactions among different parts of China.     

地表水中主要污染项目函数关系研究及其成果应用

以温岭市为例,研究了地表水水质中主要污染指标BOD5、CODMn、DO、NH3-N、NO3-N、NO2-N间的关系.结果表明：在地表水污染严重时,BOD5和CODMn与NH3-N间、NO3-N与DO间具有显著的线性正相关关系,NH3-N与DO间符合乘幂函数关系,CODMn和NO2-N与DO间符合乘幂、指数、对数的函数关系;在污染较轻时,主要污染指标的函数关系不明显。在建立主要污染项目函数关系的基础上,分析了研究指标存在相互关系的原因,该成果可用于地表水的污染治理、水质的评价和BOD5的测定。     

三峡库区消落带土壤溶解性有机质溯源:基于氮/碳比值的线性双端元源负荷分析

土壤溶解性有机质(soil DOM)作为陆地系统天然有机质的重要组成部分,以其活跃的生物地球化学性质,在污染物的环境行为中扮演着极其重要的作用.而了解其来源和结构组成是进一步明确其"结构-反应活性"的关键和前提.本文以三峡库区消落带土壤DOM为研究对象,基于传统氮/碳比值(N/C)及衍生的双端元源负荷模型,讨论该溯源方法在分子水平上的合理性;同时采用光漂白试验,进一步讨论各样本反应活性与其源负荷的相关性.结果表明,N/C值和双端元线性混合模型值均表明土壤DOM具有"陆源"和"内源"的双重特性——这与其他高级分析技术溯源结果基本一致.这种传统溯源分析结果在分子水平上具有合理性,但仅仅反映DOM结构和来源在特定面相上的信息,只能证明库区土壤DOM属于"混合型来源",却无法提供分辨率更高的特定组分来源信息.另外,N/C元素比值及源负荷分别和光漂白动力学过程极显著相关,因此可作为较方便的指标,快速简单判断DOM的光化学反应活性.但在关注DOM本身生物地球化学的研究工作中,仍建议使用多重方法的比较分析,以便于提高单一解析方法的分辨率.     

苯砜基环烷酸酯类化合物的结构与急性毒性关系的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论方法,在B3LYP／LANL2DZ水平上,计算了28个苯砜基环烷酸酯类化合物的结构参数;将结构参数作为理论描述符,导出苯砜基环烷酸酯类化合物的分子结构参数(α、εa、q^-和μ)与对发光菌毒性(EC50和LC50)的定量关系方程,并用交叉验证法验证,r^2分别为0.9509和0.9320,q^2分别为0．9318和0．9025,其结果优于AM1、CoMFA和CoMSIA方法的计算结果．     

取代芳香族化合物对4种水生生物的毒性研究

建立了105种取代芳香族化合物对4种水生生物(发光菌、四膜虫、大型蚤和斑马鱼)的毒性QSAR模型.取代芳香族化合物对生物体的毒性主要是由2个过程引起,化合物首先穿透细胞膜,然后与机体发生反应.讨论了生物种的种间和种内差别,这种差别可能与生物的脂肪含量有关.化合物分成了3类,非极性麻醉型化合物、极性麻醉型化合物和反应型化合物,极性麻醉型化合物比非极性麻醉型化合物毒性要高,反应型化合物毒性最高.     

Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.     

Adaptive capacity and climate change: the role of community opinion leaders

The contribution of the informal community sector to the development of collective response strategies to socioecological change is not well researched. In this article, we examine the role of community opinion leaders in developing and mobilising stocks of adaptive capacity. In so doing, we reveal a largely unexplored mechanism for building on latent social capital and associated networks that have the potential to transcend local-scale efforts – an enduring question in climate change adaptation and other cross-scalar sustainability issues. Participants drawn from diverse spheres of community activity in the Sunshine Coast, Australia, were interviewed about their strategies for influencing their community objectives and the degree to which they have engaged with responding to climate change. The results show community opinion leaders to be politically engaged through rich bridging connections with other community organisations, and vertically with policy-makers at local, state, national and international levels. Despite this latent potential, the majority of community opinion leaders interviewed were not strategically engaged with responding to climate change. This finding suggests that more work is needed to connect networks knowledgeable about projected climate change impacts with local networks of community opinion leaders. Attention to the type of community-based strategies considered effective and appropriate by community opinion leaders and their organisations also suggests avenues for policy-makers to facilitate community engagement in responding to climate change across sectors likely to be affected by its impacts. Opportunities to extend understanding of adaptive capacity within the community sector through further research are also suggested.     

Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks

Although organizational identification is founded on social identity and symbolic interactionist theories, current theories emphasize a social identity whereby organizational members categorize themselves and others based on roles and membership in an organization or work unit. In contrast symbolic interactionism, which resides in interpersonal relationships, is rarely theorized or empirically assessed in studies of organizational identification. We use survey data collected at an academic institution to explore how the strength and structure of an individual's social network both directly influences organizational identification as well as moderates the relation between social identity, or categorical, antecedents and organizational identification. Our results show that the size of an individual's network as well as the interaction between relationship strength and prestige better explain organizational identification than do antecedents based solely on categorization and social comparison processes. Thus networks of relationships, which have been a foundational but much neglected premise and process for organizational identification, are brought back into a theory of organizational identification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microecosystem Analysis of the Structure and Functions of Forest Biogeocenoses

The microecosystem approach and an adequate system of quantitative methods have been used to study the relationship between the chorologic changes in the structure and functions of edificator tree stand and other components of the pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest cenoecosystems of the Transural and Northern Turgai regions. Significant correlations of the density of pine undergrowth with the litter thickness; of its growth with root competition, stand closeness, and, to a lower degree, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); and of the numbers of small mammals and groups of soil mesofauna with herbaceous phytomass have been found. The possibility of the synthesis of population-ecological, synecological, and biogeocenological methods has been demonstrated.