青藏高原西北部近地表气温直减率时空分布特征

近地表气温直减率是研究山地生态系统对气候变化响应过程中的重要参数,论文基于青藏高原西北部1951—2013年的9个标准气象站以及2012—2016年的高山自设观测站的日平均气温、最低气温、最高气温（T_ave、T_min、T_max）数据,分析了青藏高原西北部近地表气温直减率（LR_Tave、LR_Tmin、LR_Tmax）的时空分布特征。结果表明：1）青藏高原西北部近地表气温随高程增大有显著下降趋势。研究区两个区域的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin、LR_Tmax均呈现出显著的空间差异性,而基于气象站的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin高于高山观测站的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin、LR_Tmax,其中LR_Tmin差异最为显著,而LR_Tmax空间差异较小。2）青藏高原西北部近地表气温直减率具有明显的季节差异,气象站的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin、LR_Tmax季节变化趋势为春季高、夏季较高、冬季低,而高山观测站的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin、LR_Tmax季节变化趋势为夏季高、冬季低。其中气象站LR_Tmax在四季中的差异最显著,而高山观测站的LR_Tmin的季节差异最大。高山观测站的气温直减率在4—9月间具有较为稳定的值。3）青藏高原西北部LR_Tave、LR_Tmin在气温突变年前后具有显著的差异,LR_Tmax无显著的变化。其中,在气温突变年之后,LR_Tave、LR_Tmin有显著的上升趋势,表明青藏高原西北部地区的LR_Tave、LR_Tmin对区域气候变化的响应显著,而LR_Tmax对区域气候变化的响应不显著。研究将有效改善青藏高原西北部气温空间分布规律研究的不足,为区域气候变化研究及生态系统对气候响应等定量研究提供理论基础。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置后活性恢复研究

利用气提式内循环间歇反应器(SBAR)考察好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置2个月后重新投入运行, 其物理性状和微生物活性的恢复情况. 结果表明, 搁置后颗粒由棕黄色转为灰黑色, 粒径及沉降速率无明显变化. 颗粒重新投入反应器, 2周后颜色基本恢复; 污泥浓度、颗粒粒径以及沉降速率迅速增加; 颗粒中异养菌活性在1 d内即可恢复至原水平的86％, COD去除活性5 d后完全恢复, 去除率稳定在80%以上. 活性恢复阶段采用较高的曝气量和较长的循环时间有利于硝化菌的活性恢复, 第41 d曝气量由0.05 m³·h^-1提高到0.10 m³·h^-1后, 亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌活性分别由原水平的88%和82%提高到122%和92%, 氨氮去除率由之前的80% ～ 90%迅速提高到96%以上; 第65 d循环时间由4 h延长至6 h使硝酸菌的活性得到了完全恢复.     

人工快渗系统处理生活污水的试验研究

文章用自制的实验室快速渗滤系统模拟反应器对某校中水站的生活污水进行处理。研究结果表明,此套实验室模拟快渗处理生活污水系统对COD、TN、TP去除效果良好,壤土在三个周期对COD的去除率最大值为91.5%,TN为66.0%,TP为73.3%。由此试验得出最佳生活污水处理条件为壤土作为滤料,滤料高度为50cm,布水时间为2d淹水,4d落干。复合系统的处理效果优于单一介质的系统。     

植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水的处理工艺研究

采用植物-土壤渗滤法对农村生活污水进行处理研究,结果表明:体系对BOD5、CODCr、TN、NH4+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为74%、79%、85%、91%、89%,出水达到国家一级排放标准,该工艺在农村生活污水处理中具有广阔的应用前景.     

慢速渗滤土地处理法去除污水中污染物的效率研究

本文就不同水质、不同水量、不同作物对慢速渗滤系统中污染物去除效率进行了探讨.通过该法与其它土地处理法和人工常规二级、三级污水处理技术对污染物去除率的比较,表明慢速渗滤土地处理法效果更好.     

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STORM CONCEPTS USING CONTINUOUS SIMULATION WITH SHORT DURATION STORMS1

ABSTRACT: The objectives of this paper were to test the ability of various design storm distributions to simulate the actual rainfall pattern and to compare the runoff rates used in the design of stormwater management devices in the State of Florida using continuous simulation approach. The analyses were performed for four gaged stations to evaluate the applicability of design storm distributions in different parts of the State of Florida. The approach used in this study compared the peak runoff rates from design storms based on the various distributions to those that would result from actual rainfall events. A series of continuous runoff rates were developed through the use of actual fifteen-minute recorded rainfall data, Horton type infiltration decay and recovery rate, and a continuous simulation model. The runoff rates were analyzed using frequency distributions to obtain peak runoff rates associated with different return periods based on the assumption that the continuous simulation approach closely predicts the actual runoff rates from the gaged stations. The results show that the behavior of the design storm distributions varies for different watershed characteristics in different parts of the state. The study also suggests that in general the Florida Department of Transportation and the Suwanne River Water Management (FDOT/ SRWMD) distributions appeared to agree with the continuous simulation results.     

Parental investment, potential reproductive rates, and mating system in the strawberry dart-poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio

We studied the effect of relative parental investment on potential reproductive rates (PRRs) to explain sex differences in selectivity and competition in the dart-poison frog Dendrobates pumilio. We recorded the reproductive behavior of this species in a Costa Rican lowland rainforest for almost 6 months. Females spent more time on parental care than males, and `time out' estimates suggest that PRRs of males are much higher than than those of females, rendering females the limiting sex in the mating process. Males defended territories that provide suitable calling sites, space for courtship and oviposition, and prevent interference by competitors. Male mating success was highly variable, from 0 to 12 matings, and was significantly correlated with calling activity and average perch height, but was independent of body size and weight. Estimates of opportunity for sexual selection and variation in male mating success are given. The mating system is polygamous: males and females mated several times with different mates. Females were more selective than males and may sample males between matings. The discrepancy in PRRs between the sexes due to differences in parental investment and the prolonged breeding season is sufficient to explain the observed mating pattern i.e., selective females, high variance in male mating success, and the considerable opportunity for sexual selection. Received: 9 June 1998 / Received in revised form: 27 March 1999 / Accepted: 3 April 1999     

Encounter rate and task allocation in harvester ants

As conditions change, social insect colonies adjust the numbers of workers engaged in various tasks, such as foraging and nest work. This process of task allocation operates without central control; individuals respond to simple, local cues. This study investigates one such cue, the pattern of an ant's interactions with other workers. We examined how an ant's tendency to perform midden work, carrying objects to and sorting the refuse pile of the colony, is related to the recent history of the ant's brief antennal contacts, in laboratory colonies of the red harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. The probability that an ant performed midden work was related to its recent interactions in two ways. First, the time an ant spent performing midden work was positively correlated with the number of midden workers that ant had met while it was away from the midden. Second, ants engaged in a task other than midden work were more likely to begin to do midden work when their rate of encounter per minute with midden workers was high. Cues based on interaction rate may enable ants to respond to changes in worker numbers even though ants cannot count or assess total numbers engaged in a task. Received: 1 July 1998 / Accepted: 15 November 1998     

多点激励下连续桥梁地震响应特性研究

地震动在强度和频率等方面均具有非平稳特性,导致多跨桥梁的动力响应非常复杂.为了研究多跨连续桥梁在多点地震动激励下的反应,首先提出了评价多点地震动非平稳性的3个指标:幅值绝对值的标准差、方向离散度和穿零率.根据桥梁多点激励运动方程的特点,阐述了广义振型参与系数矩阵的意义,及其与传统振型参与系数矩阵的联系和区别.根据多点地...     

非饱和带柴油入渗实验研究及HSSM模拟

通过土柱模拟实验研究了柴油在不同含水率、不同粒径砂土中的入渗及残留特征,并采用HSSM(Hydrocarbon Spill Screening Model)模拟了柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的入渗过程.结果表明:随着介质含水率增加,柴油在介质中湿润锋推进速度先增大后减小,最快速度对应含水率处于相应介质最大残余含水率40%~50%范围内,残余柴油量随介质含水率增大而减小.在细砂、中砂和粗砂3种介质,柴油入渗平均湿润锋推进速度分别为0.42,0.52,0.73cm/min;平均残余柴油量分别为98.10,68.70,48.79mL. 湿润锋推进速度及残余柴油量均与介质粒径呈负相关.HSSM拟合柴油在含水率为6%中砂介质中的湿润锋推进速度为0.5832cm/min,与实验值0.5689cm/min相比,相对误差为2.51%.HSSM能较好的模拟柴油在非饱和带入渗过程,对于土壤及地下水污染预报具有重要意义.