流域地表生态信息的卫星遥感图像处理技术

以福建省九龙江流域为例,利用计算机技术和遥感-GIS工具软件,探讨利用多源卫星遥感影像获取流域地表环境信息的图像处理与分析技术,列举卫星遥感可获取的流域地表生态环境专题信息。重点分析利用遥感-GIS界定流域范围的方法、流域地表覆盖状况和植被覆盖密度的卫星遥感影像处理方法。      

Prospective spatial prediction of infectious disease: experience of New York State (USA) with West Nile Virus and proposed directions for improved surveillance

Infectious disease surveillance has become an international top priority due to the perceived risk of bioterrorism. This is driving the improvement of real-time geo-spatial surveillance systems for monitoring disease indicators, which is expected to have many benefits beyond detecting a bioterror event. West Nile Virus surveillance in New York State (USA) is highlighted as a working system that uses dead American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) to prospectively indicate viral activity prior to human onset. A cross-disciplinary review is then presented to argue that this system, and infectious disease surveillance in general, can be improved by complementing spatial cluster detection of an outcome variable with predictive “risk mapping” that incorporates spatiotemporal data on the environment, climate and human population through the flexible class of generalized linear mixed models.

Comprehensive alarm information processing technology with application in petrochemical plant

During the abnormal plant conditions, too much information is produced due to momentary plant excursions above alarm limits. This flood of information impedes correct interpretation and correction of plant conditions by the operator. Existing techniques for the design of alarm systems mostly have weak ability to handle complex hazard scenarios and increase the probability of larger safety issues. In this paper, a comprehensive alarm information processing (AIP) technology is introduced, called multi-round alarm management system (MRAMS), including several processing strategies: AIP based on single sensor, AIP based on sensor group, root cause diagnosis based on Bayesian network, sensor fault judgment method and false alarm inhibition method. In case studies, both simulation experiment and pilot application on a real petrochemical plant are presented. Results indicate the MRAMS is helpful in improving the accuracy of correctly diagnosing the root causes and hence avoiding false and redundant alarms. By adopting this new technology, the safe and reliable operation of the plant can be achieved, and the economic loss brought by improper alarms can be reduced.     

The Grain of Spatially Referenced Economic Cost and Biodiversity Benefit Data and the Effectiveness of a Cost Targeting Strategy

Facing tight resource constraints, conservation organizations must allocate funds available for habitat protection as effectively as possible. Often, they combine spatially referenced economic and biodiversity data to prioritize land for protection. We tested how sensitive these prioritizations could be to differences in the spatial grain of these data by demonstrating how the conclusion of a classic debate in conservation planning between cost and benefit targeting was altered based on the available information. As a case study, we determined parcel‐level acquisition costs and biodiversity benefits of land transactions recently undertaken by a nonprofit conservation organization that seeks to protect forests in the eastern United States. Then, we used hypothetical conservation plans to simulate the types of ex ante priorities that an organization could use to prioritize areas for protection. We found the apparent effectiveness of cost and benefit targeting depended on the spatial grain of the data used when prioritizing parcels based on local species richness. However, when accounting for complementarity, benefit targeting consistently was more efficient than a cost targeting strategy regardless of the spatial grain of the data involved. More pertinently for other studies, we found that combining data collected over different spatial grains inflated the apparent effectiveness of a cost targeting strategy and led to overestimation of the efficiency gain offered by adopting a more integrative return‐on‐investment approach.     

Investment and the Policy Process in Conservation Monitoring

Despite decades of discussion and implementation, conservation monitoring remains a challenge. Many current solutions in the literature focus on improving the science or making more structured decisions. These insights are important but incomplete in accounting for the politics and economics of the conservation decisions informed by monitoring. Our novel depiction of the monitoring enterprise unifies insights from multiple disciplines (conservation, operations research, economics, and policy) and highlights many underappreciated factors that affect the expected benefits of monitoring. For example, there must be a strong link between the specific needs of decision makers and information gathering. Furthermore, the involvement of stakeholders other than scientists and research managers means that new information may not be interpreted and acted upon as expected. While answering calls for sharply delineated objectives will clearly add focus to monitoring efforts, for practical reasons, high‐level goals may purposefully be left vague, to facilitate other necessary steps in the policy process. We use the expanded depiction of the monitoring process to highlight problems of cooperation and conflict. We critique calls to invest in monitoring for the greater good by arguing that incentives are typically lacking. Although the benefits of learning accrued within a project (e.g., improving management) provide incentives for investing in some monitoring, it is unrealistic, in general, to expect managers to add potentially costly measures to generate shared benefits. In the traditional linear model of the role of science in policy decisions, monitoring reduces uncertainty and decision makers are rational, unbiased consumers of the science. However, conservation actions increasingly involve social conflict. Drawing insights from political science, we argue that in high‐conflict situations, it is necessary to address the conflict prior to monitoring. Las Inversiones y el Proceso de Políticas en el Monitoreo de la Conservación Sanchirico et al.     

Designing individualisation of eco information: a conceptual framework and design toolkit

Eco-labelling is the practice of eco information provision that most directly addresses consumer behaviour. Nowadays, consumers are facing difficulties in perceiving and understanding existing eco labels. In previous work, we proposed the conceptual framework of eco information individualisation which tailors eco labels according to the specific needs of individual users using contextual technologies. This paper extends the conceptual framework by introducing a more structured way of considering the personal data and product data requirements, and reports the development of a design toolkit that aims to support designers in the designing of individualised eco information. A design workshop was carried out to introduce the concept to designers, and evaluate the usability and usefulness of the toolkit. Positive responses were received. The design outputs generated from the workshop were considered largely feasible and have the potential to be developed into digital prototypes. These indicate that it is possible for designers to learn to design eco information individualisation in a short time. This paper is a step towards a greater understanding of designing individualised eco information.     

城市地表形态对热环境的影响——以上海市为例

基于遥感与GIS技术,利用Landsat7-ETM+影像反演地表温度,用社会经济统计数据、土地利用现状数据和道路交通网络数据计算城市景观形态参数以表征地表特征,从行政区(县)、5km间距同心环带和局部区块3个水平上划分空间单元建立数据样本,分析城市地表形态对热环境空间分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)景观混合度和景观分裂度对地表温度有恒定的负向影响,区块连通性与地表温度负相关;(2)景观分裂度对热环境的影响取决于地类属性:分裂度大的增温地类,地表增温效应弱;分裂度大的降温地类,地表降温效应强;(3)人口密度和经济密度可对地表温度产生恒定正向影响;(4)人口密度、建设用地比例和房屋建筑比例是分布在区(县)尺度、同心圆环尺度和典型区块尺度上影响地表热环境最显著的地表形态要素。     

环境信息数字图书馆系统构建研究

文章简要叙述了建立环境信息数字图书馆的意义及其在黑龙江省环境信息化推进过程中的地位与作用,叙述了数字图书馆的发展概况及基本技术体系,比较了国际和国内数字图书馆的发展历程。结合环保行业自身的特点和目前环保信息化所处的阶段,论证了黑龙江省环境信息数字图书馆建立的可行性。概述了黑龙江省环境信息数字图书馆的建设原则,总体目标,概括了黑龙江省环境信息数字图书馆的总体构成,并提出黑龙江省环境信息数字图书馆的建设构想。     

饮用水水源地水质监测预警管理信息系统开发与应用

结合饮用水水源地管理需求,设计开发包含在线监测、模拟分析、水质预警和风险应急等模块的饮用水水源地水质监测预警管理信息系统.本文介绍了该系统的功能设计.     

环境污染区域国土资源信息查询系统设计研究

传统系统存在查询速度慢、CPU利用率低、耗费时间长、性能差等问题,为此,对环境污染区域国土资源信息查询系统进行设计.建立信息查询系统框架结构,分析图形信息采集和属性信息采集,设计属性数据库结构;针对系统软件部分,设计图形数据采集,构建查询文件,查询系统页面显示,由此实现国土资源信息的查询.通过实验对该查询系统设计的性能进行测试,并得出实验结论.实验结果表明,该系统具有资源信息查询速度快,CPU利用率高,实用性强等优势,为中国国土资源信息查询带来便利.