山东省污染减排综合监管平台应用与实践

污染减排作为约束性指标,被列入国家和各省“十二五”规划。目前各地加快发展与加快转型的任务十分艰巨,治理环境污染、减少主要污染物排放的压力非常大,减排治污形势依然严峻。本文重点针对污染减排管理工作中的难点问题,研究除运用行政措施外,在做好环境监管工作的同时,必须还要运用好信息化手段和技术,按照统一规划、统一建设、统一管理的原则,以质量、效能、安全为基础,实现网络互连、资源共享、业务协同。通过搭建综合监管平台,将涉及环境保护系统多方面的业务和数据,在构建安全、高效的全业务数据的存储、管理、共享和应用的基础上,实现对污染减排数据的集中管理和应用,为污染减排管理指标体系和考核体系建设,提供可信、一致的基础数据,为环境监管提供了可靠的决策支撑,为污染减排目标的实现打下坚实的基础。     

Effective application of monitoring information: the case of San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) for Trace Substances is an innovative partnership among a regulatory agency, more than 70 regulated entities, and an independent scientific organization. The institutional arrangement behind the RMP has made the regulatory system increasingly responsive to emerging management needs, particularly with regard to the development of total maximum daily loads and ecosystem impairment assessment. Through multi-agency partnerships within and outside the RMP institutional structure, major information gaps for several pollutants of concern have been narrowed, resulting in a successful consensus-based regulatory approach to managing copper and nickel mass inputs into the Estuary. Short-term research efforts, based upon monitoring results, helped identify the most cost-effective control and remediation options for various bioaccumulative substances. Additionally, adaptive changes to the monitoring program documented the existence of widespread aquatic toxicity in the Estuary that is apparently due to pesticide runoff from agricultural and urban areas. One of the most important contributions of this collaborative monitoring program is the deliberate and systematic adjustment of management and research questions that serve to influence and add relevance to the overall research agenda related to San Francisco Estuary ecosystem assessment.     

中国环境监测信息产品的主要问题及发展方向

基于中国环境监测信息产品的发展现状,针对信息产品生产流程的监测数据生成、监测数据加工、信息产品服务3个阶段分别指出存在的主要问题,并提出未来需全面提升环境监测信息产品的科学性、准确性、敏感度、服务对象满意度以及信息供给普惠度。     

关于发展环保信息产业的若干思考

在分析环境保护，环保产业及环保信息产业的相互关系的基础上，对环保信息产业的基本概念进行了规范，对环保信息产业的主要产品进行了介绍。提出发展环保信息产业，符合知识经济的要求，以赴赠业的支柱产业之一有重要意义。     

遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的机理及方法探讨

论述了通过遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的可能性。首先 ,讨论了运用遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的基本原理 ;其次 ,提出了运用遥感技术寻找内生金矿床的一些具体方法步骤 ;最后 ;介绍了两个应用实例。     

Sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments of the Basque Country (Bay of Biscay)

This contribution characterises the sources and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Basque coast (Bay of Biscay). Different source characterisation approaches (i.e. GIS assisted-chemometrics, PAH diagnostic ratios and analyses of composition profiles) were used in combination to successfully identify the factors determining the origin and distribution of PAHs. Urban/industrial combustion processes were identified as the main PAH source. However, the analysis of PAH composition patterns and diagnostic ratios identified secondary natural and petrogenic PAH sources on small spatial scales. The median ∑18PAH concentration ranged from 66 μg kg^?1 (d.w.) to 7021 μg kg^?1 (d.w.). The Ibaizabal estuary, which supports most of the anthropogenic pressure in the region (i.e. urban development, industrialisation, commercial and recreational harbours), also showed the highest PAH concentrations. On the shelf, human activities, hydrodynamic conditions and geomorphological features led to spatial differences in the PAH concentrations among sectors: the offshore and west sectors were characterised by higher concentrations, while the lowest values were found in the mid and east sectors. The results enhance the knowledge on PAH-related contamination processes and could be used to support the environmental assessment process required under current European marine legislation.     

基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究

根据汉江中下游农业面源污染治理决策的需求，在大量实地观测资料区域地理与农业环境数据基础上，开发并建立了汉江中下游农业面源动态监测信息系统。以此为技术支持，运用数学模型及其与GIS相结合的技术，研究了汉江中下游农业面源污染的负荷及分布规律。     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

环境专家系统进展

本文对国内外环境专家系统的进展及其特点进行了综述。认为:环境专家系统可以应用于环境科学的各个领域,成为解决环境问题的有用工具。目前,基于事实的推理型专家系统是环境专家系统的主流,环境专家系统又是环境数据库、环境信息系统的进一步补充与完善。文中最后例举了如何将环境模式计算和环境专家系统结合起来解决区域大气质量评价的实际问题。     

基于GIS的水质监测信息管理系统设计与开发

该文分析了京杭运河（徐州段）的水质监测信息管理手段的不足,提出建立基于GIS的水质监测信息管理系统的必要性。着重从系统开发平台的选择,数据库建设,功能开发等几个方面介绍了京杭运河（徐州段）的水质监测信息管理系统的设计与开发。系统采用ArcSDE空间数据库引擎和SQL Server关系数据库统一管理空间和属性数据,利用ArcObjects组件进行二次开发,实现了京杭运河（徐州段）的水质监测信息管理系统的建立。