创新社会管理是解决环境公共事件的重要途径

防范环境矛盾演化为公共事件,必须加强和创新社会管理,包括丰富社会管理的内涵和创新社会管理方式。通过强化政府强制措施、建立企业行为约束与激励机制、保障公众参与畅通有效、加大法制机构的监督力度、发挥非政府组织的协调作用,平衡各方利益,有效防范越来越多的环境矛盾演化升级为环境公共事件。     

千岛湖流域杭州段人类活动净氮、净磷输入时空分布

为探究人类活动对流域氮磷输入的影响,基于人类活动净氮、净磷输入模型（NANI、NAPI）,分析了2008~2017年千岛湖流域杭州段氮磷输入的时空变化特征及驱动因素.结果表明：年际NANI值呈上升的趋势,10a平均值为2230kg/（km²·a）;年际NAPI值呈先上升后持续下降趋势（峰值出现在2011年）.各子单元空间差异性较为显著,NANI、NAPI值均呈西高东低、南高北低的分布特征.NANI主要输入组分年际间差异显著,2008~2014年NANI的最大贡献源为氮肥施用（37.3%~39.9%）,2015~2017年最大贡献源则为大气氮沉降（36.4%~38.4%）;NAPI主要输入组分年际间较为一致,最大贡献源为人类食品和动物饲料磷输入（44.1%~48.1%）,其次为磷肥施用（40.3%~43.4%）.影响因子中,农作物种植强度与NANI、NAPI的相关性最显著,分别为0.851和0.806.各子单元NANI、NAPI与入湖TN、TP负荷强度显著相关,NANI变化可解释其63.9%的河流TN负荷变化,NAPI变化可解释其73.3%的河流TP负荷变化.因此,千岛湖流域杭州段面源污染实际管控中应重点关注NANI、NAPI值较高的汾口镇、威坪镇及浪川乡,加强氮磷化肥污染防治,实行污染控源减排策略.     

区域点源和非点源磷入河量计算的二元统计模型

基于流域或区域点源和非点源磷入河过程的水文学差异,以及影响河流持留作用的主要机制,建立了描述河流段末磷负荷量与流量和水温之间定量关系的二元统计模型;通过逐月的河流水文水质监测数据对模型中4个系数的有效校正和验证,实现了对点源和非点源磷入河过程的准确定量.与现行的水文估算法相比,该模型既考虑了河流磷的持留能力及其时间变异性,也考虑了上游水体输入的磷负荷量,推进了对磷污染过程的定量认识,满足了我国以行政区为主要水污染控制管理单元的现实需要.应用该模型,计算了浙江长乐江集水区2004～2009年的总磷(TP)入河量.结果表明,TP年入河总量为(54.6±11.9)t.a-1,其上游水体输入、点源和非点源的入河量贡献率分别为5%±1%、12%±3%和83%±3%.夏季5～6月和8～9月的非点源TP累计入河量占其全年的50%±9%,增加了引起下游水体藻类暴发的风险.河流TP持留量为(4.5±0.1)t.a-1,占年入河总量的9%±2%;5～9月的TP累计持留量占全年的55%±2%,表明河流持留能力对流域或区域磷素迁移转化过程的调控作用不容忽视.本研究建立的二元统计模型仅需常规的河流水文水质监测数据,无需专业软件知识,且计算结果直接来源于实际的河流水文水质测算值,为实施流域或区域磷污染总量控制策略提供了一种简便、实用、可靠的定量工具.     

绿色创新及其激励机制

环境问题的最终解决需要绿色创新。绿色创新表现为一切关注环境－经济－社会协调发展，并使之得以实现的创新性活动。绿色创新的大量涌现需要从产权、市场、企业内部及政府政策等方面给予激励。     

由传统工业文明向生态文明的转型势在必行——《生态文明的中国觉醒》述评

《生态文明的中国觉醒》首先说明当今中国出现了环境严重污染的“生态墙”;进而阐述环境保护的严峻形势及建设生态文明的艰巨任务;然后论述我国正处环境问题的激化期,应借鉴世界各大工业国的经验教训,指明经济与生态双赢的方向;最后阐述生态文明建设势在必行。这篇重要文章提出了以下启示：中国发展打“消耗战”的路已经行不通,必须由传统工业文明向生态文明转型;必须坚持又好又快的发展,保持适当速度;提倡“合理消费”;大力实施“创新驱动战略”,为生态文明建设提供强大动力。     

Resource and Environmental Issues in Transitional China: A Perspective from the Interaction Among Market,Government and Society

Abstract

Along with the rapid growth of economy in the postreform period after 1979, China has faced severe problems of resource overusing and environmental degradation which would threaten the sustainable development of economy and society. This article explores an effective mechanism of managing resource and environment in China. It examines some major resource and environmental issues, and constructs a framework of institution innovation to cover three sectors (government, market and society). In addition, the article analyzes their experience and evaluation in resource management and environmental conservation during the transitional period. We argue that the combination of market regulation, government intervention and public participation is an effective way of allocating resource and protecting environment. Some suggestions are put forward to balance the relationship between them, including coordinating role of government and market, building platform for market operation and creating an atmosphere of public participation.     

Threshold effects of tourism agglomeration on the green innovation efficiency of China’s tourism industry

ABSTRACT

Industrial agglomeration is an essential and effective way to integrate resources and elements. Its impact on the green innovation efficiency of the tourism industry is a process of continuous development and dynamic change. This paper, based on the provincial panel data from 2006 to 2015, uses super SBM model to measure the green innovation efficiency of China’s tourism industry. The threshold regression model is employed to conduct empirical tests of the nonlinear threshold effect of agglomeration on the green innovation efficiency of tourism industry. The inter-provincial differences of various threshold effects and their possible causes are analyzed. Results indicate that the green innovation efficiency of China’s tourism industry is generally growing, while regional disparity is significant with a gradient decrease along the eastern-central-western regions. There is an obvious positive nonlinear relationship between tourism agglomeration and green innovation efficiency. It is also found that with the increase of agglomeration, its influence is at a high level. As the level of agglomeration crosses the first threshold, its impact is at a low level, and when it crosses the second threshold, the impact of tourism agglomeration is at an intermediate level. Finally, this paper proposes the basic path and some policy recommendations to promote the green innovation efficiency of the tourism industry in China.     

Exploring the need for more radical sustainable innovation: what does it look like and why?

It has been argued in recent years that Western economies need to increase their resource productivity by 90% over the next 50 years. This is a radical aim. This paper draws on design for sustainability (DfS) thinking to scope interventions that encourage greater levels of resource productivity through reconfiguring concepts of growth and well‐being within organisational strategies, structures, systems, processes and outputs. Based on research from a UK EPSRC funded project Design Dialogues (2005–2008), this paper links together sustainable design and innovation literatures and dialogue‐based primary research that together inform the development of an approach to innovation for sustainability. The emphasis on sustainable innovation is to understand what is designed (the outputs of business) and why (the inputs: the values, beliefs, visions and objectives) within a context of ecological limits. The foundations of this approach are introduced here in order to demonstrate the potential to provoke a new way of thinking about longer‐term organisational innovation through making explicit the intrinsic connections between natural and human capitals. This paper explores the need to think differently in order to create sustainability and presents the outcome of this research: a methodology for innovation for sustainability.     

Putting consumers first in design for sustainable behaviour: a case study of reducing environmental impacts of cold appliance use

To slow down the increasing environmental degradation, design for sustainable behaviour (DfSB) has emerged in sustainable design aiming to promote behavioural change through design innovations to reduce environmental and social impacts from the demand side or consumer side. This paper presents a practice-based journey to investigate the process and results of the application of social-psychological theories into sustainable design. Focusing on the behaviour-related impacts of products and services during the use stage, a Design Behaviour Intervention Model (DBIM) is developed through the analysis and synthesis of the social-psychological theories and behaviour-changing strategies. The DBIM indicates that an in-depth study of consumer behaviour is the preliminary step in DfSB, which determines the application of design strategies and potentially the effectiveness of design interventions. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the model. The results show that consumer behaviour insights offer rich resources to assist designers in sustainable design innovation. Product-based design suggestions and a proposed solution highlight that the application of DBIM coupled with consumer involvement throughout the design process could produce desirable and sustainable patterns of household fridge use. Finally, the structured consideration of behavioural change and their possible application in DfSB are discussed.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.