基于入户调查的贵阳市生活燃煤排放清单

为准确掌握贵阳市生活燃煤大气污染物的排放状况,为南方山地城市大气污染防治工作提供科学依据,本研究于2017年对贵阳市生活燃煤情况开展了入户调查.据统计分析,2016—2018年贵阳市常住人口和生活煤炭消费量变化小.同时,采用排放系数法结合GIS技术,建立了贵阳市2016年1 km×1 km生活燃煤大气污染物排放清单.结果表明：①全市生活燃煤量约为55.9×10⁴ t,单位面积燃煤量为69.5 t·km^-2,不同区（市、县）生活燃煤量存在明显差异;从燃煤总量来看,开阳县最大,云岩区最小;从单位面积燃煤量来看,云岩区最大,息烽县最小.②全市生活燃煤PM₁₀、PM_2.5、SO₂、NO_x、VOCs、CO、OC、BC排放量分别为1230.5、783.0、6963.5、615.3、1006.8、39096.4、55.9、3.9 t,单位面积排放量分别为153.0、97.4、865.7、76.5、125.2、4860.7、7.0、0.5 kg·km^-2.③生活燃煤污染物排放量呈明显的季节性变化特征,冬季采暖季污染物的排放量远高于非采暖季.④在空间分布上,大气污染物排放主要集中在云岩区、南明区、白云区中南部,以及观山湖区东南部、乌当区西南部及花溪区东北部,这与居民生活区域基本呈一致性分布.⑤调查样本量覆盖了总家庭户数的1.5%,全市以煤炭为生活能源的住户占比约为38.1%,户均燃煤量为（1.158±0.010）t·a^-1,排放清单不确定性总体范围为-82.6%~201.0%.     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区土壤污染物生态风险评价

选取典型滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区——昆明福保村为研究对象,进行土壤污染物生态风险分析,结合污染物空间分布规律研究,解析污染物来源。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃（Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs）、有机氯（Organic Chlorine Pesticides,OCPs）、酞酸酯（Phthalic Acid Esters,PAEs）类污染物残留水平较低,但重金属含量相对较高,存在一定生态风险;区域内的印刷厂、造纸厂、彩印厂是土壤污染物的主要来源;滇池湖滨蔬菜种植区土壤环境质量尚为清洁,能够保障蔬菜产品品质安全。     

2-丁烯醛生产废水的臭氧脱毒预处理

CMW（crotonaldehyde manufacturing wastewater,2-丁烯醛生产废水）污染物浓度高、毒性强、直接采用生物法处理难度大.为了降低CMW的生物处理毒性,采用臭氧氧化法对CMW进行脱毒预处理,并通过考察不同臭氧氧化条件对废水COD_Cr、TOC（总有机碳）、UV_{254 nm}去除率及SMA（specific methanogenic activity,比产甲烷活性）抑制率的影响,获得了优化的臭氧氧化条件,进一步分析了废水脱毒机理.结果表明:①优化的臭氧氧化条件为接触反应时间180 min、初始pH 3.0、反应温度35℃、气相臭氧浓度30.3 mg/L,进气流量500 mL/min;并且在该条件下,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC和UV_{254 nm}的去除率分别为19.9%、9.9%和70.6%,主要特征有机污染物[包括2-丁烯醛、（E,E）-2,4-己二烯醛、3-（2-甲基-2-丙烯）-5-戊内酯、1,5-二甲基-1-烯-4-羰基-环氧己烷、山梨酸乙酯等]的去除率在74.4%以上.②厌氧产甲烷毒性试验结果显示,CMW的SMA抑制率由臭氧氧化前的82.0%降至臭氧氧化后的47.2%.③反应动力学研究显示,CMW中COD_Cr、TOC及UV_{254 nm}的去除过程均符合一级反应动力学方程,R2分别为0.82、0.97、0.94.研究显示,臭氧氧化预处理可以较好地去除CMW中的特征有机污染物,降低废水的厌氧生物处理毒性,是一种可行的脱毒预处理方法.      

南、黄海及青岛地区大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的研究

于2004年冬季在青岛地区采集了大气气溶胶TSP(总悬浮颗粒物)样品,并于2005年3月和5月航次采集了黄、南海TSP和安德森分级样品,分析了气溶胶中无机氮组分(NO2-、NH4 、NO3-)的浓度,探讨了相应区域大气颗粒物中各种无机氮离子的区域分布、粒级分布.青岛地区冬季TSP的月平均值为102.00～227.00 μg·m-3;黄海TSP浓度为80.00～130.00 μg·m-3,低于青岛地区;南海TSP浓度最低,在30.167μg·m-3以下.NH4 -N是南、黄海及青岛地区大气气溶胶中主要的无机氮组分,占到总无机氮含量的53.14%～94.72%;其次是NO3--N,占到总无机氮含量的4.75%～46.64%;NO2--N对无机氮的干沉降贡献很小,仅占不到0.54%.NO3--N的粒径范围较宽,多数呈现双峰分布,峰值出现在4.7～7.0 μm和2.1～3.3 μm范围内;NH4 -N的粒径分布范围较窄,主要集中于1.1μm以下的细粒子范围内;NO2--N性质不稳定,其分布比较复杂.近年来,汽车尾气排放量的增大增加了青岛地区大气气溶胶中NO3--N的含量.     

Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices--a review

Over the past few years, antibiotics have been considered emerging pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. They have been detected worldwide in environmental matrices, indicating their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. To prevent this contamination, several processes to degrade/remove antibiotics have been studied. This review addresses the current state of knowledge concerning the input sources, occurrence and mainly the degradation and removal processes applied to a specific class of micropollutants, the antibiotics. In this paper, different remediation techniques were evaluated and compared, such as conventional techniques (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes and combined methods. In this study, it was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies. Combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.     

青岛大气气溶胶水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为了解大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的来源及环境效应,利用安德森采样器连续采集青岛近海2008年1~12月大气颗粒物分级样品,用离子色谱法分析其中主要的水溶性离子,并讨论其粒径分布特征.结果表明, NH4+、K+、Cl-、NO3-、PO43-、SO42-主要存在于粒径小于2.1μm的细粒子中,Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-则主要存在于粒径大于2.1μm的粗粒子中.各离子的粒径分布存在明显的季节变化.NH4+、K+和SO42-四季均主要分布于细粒子中,而Mg2+和Ca2+则主要分布在粗粒子中,两者均在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值;Na+在春、夏、秋3个季节主要存在于粗粒子中,集中分布在3.3~7.0μm粒径范围内,而在冬季则集中分布于0.43~1.1μm且细粒子含量高于粗粒子;春季Cl-在粗粒子中分布较多,尤以2.1~3.3μm范围内的最为突出,而其他3个季节均是细粒子比例明显偏高;NO3-春、夏两季在粗、细粒子中的含量各占50%,秋、冬季节均为细粒子占多数;PO43-夏季只出现在0.65~1.1μm以及>11μm的粒径范围内,粗粒子占95%,其他3个季节则是细粒子含量较高;春季F-在3.3~4.7μm出现峰值,夏季各粒径均未检出,而秋、冬两季粗、细粒子各占50%.K+、NH4+、F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO42-和PO43-受供暖期燃煤取暖的影响较大.K+和NH4+在供暖期和非供暖期峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径范围;F-供暖期在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段出现峰值;供暖期Cl-的峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期,则出现在2.1~3.3μm的粗粒径段;SO42-和NO3-在供暖期和非供暖期的峰值均出现在0.43~0.65μm和3.3~4.7μm粒径段;供暖期PO43-的最大峰值出现在0.43~0.65μm粒径段,而在非供暖期其最大峰值出现在3.3~4.7μm粒径段.     

Inorganic nitrogen removal of toilet wastewater with an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor

Removal of inorganic nitrogen (inorganic-N) from toilet wastewater, using a pilot-scale airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor (AEC-MBR) was studied. The results showed that the use of AEC-MBR with limited addition of alkaline reagents and volumetric loading rates of inorganic-N of 0.19-0.40 kg inorganic-N/(m3·d) helped achieve the desired nitrification and denitrification. Furthermore, the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on inorganic-N removal were examined. Under the condition of MLSS at 1.56-2.35 g/L, BOD5/ammonia nitrogen (NH/-N) at 1.0, pH at 7.0-7.5, and DO at 1.0-2.0 mg/L, the removal efficiencies of NH4 -N and inorganic-N were 91.5% and 70.0%, respectively, in the AEC-MBR. The cost of addition of alkaline reagent was approximately 0.5-1.5 RMB yuan/m3, and the energy consumption was approximately 0.72 kWh/m3 at the flux of 8 L/(m2·h).     

珠江口无机氮湿沉降规律及大气输送的研究

针对2007年3～11月广东中山市横门站的降水资料,分析了珠江口氮湿沉降特征及其来源.结果显示:研究期间横门降水中NH+4-N和NO-3-N的降雨量加权平均浓度分别为0.62和0.41mg·L-1;其季节变化规律表现为秋季最高,其次是春季,夏季最低.降水NH+4-N和NO-3-N的浓度呈显著正相关,与降水pH值呈负相关.利用气团轨迹后推以及天气形势得出,横门陆地性降水氮浓度最高,海洋性降水氮沉降通量最高.云下气团分类结果表明,海洋性NE类气团对横门无机氮湿沉降的输送负荷最大.     

长三角地区秸秆燃烧排放因子与颗粒物成分谱研究

为获取长三角地区秸秆燃烧污染物排放因子及其颗粒物成分谱,利用自行设计开发的开放式燃烧源排放测试系统,选取小麦、水稻、油菜、豆秸和薪柴等5类典型作物秸秆,分别采用露天焚烧和炉灶燃烧2种燃烧方式,实测其气态污染物和颗粒物排放特征.结果表明,露天燃烧各类秸秆的CO、NOx和PM2.5平均排放因子约为28.7、1.2和2.65 g·kg-1,由于炉灶氧含量相对较低,燃烧不充分,其污染物排放因子总体高于露天燃烧,分别为81.9、2.1和8.5 g·kg-1.各类秸秆中,油菜的排放水平相对较高.含碳组分(OC和EC)是生物质秸秆燃烧产生PM2.5的主要组成,在露天燃烧中OC和EC的质量分数分别占(38.92±13.93)%和(5.66±1.54)%;炉灶燃烧中OC和EC分别为(26.37±10.14)%和(18.97±10.76)%.Cl-、K+等水溶性离子也有较大贡献,在露天燃烧中分别为(13.27±6.82)%和(12.41±3.02)%;在炉灶燃烧中分别为(16.25±9.34)%和(13.62±7.91)%.小麦、水稻、油菜和豆秸等作物秸秆露天燃烧排放颗粒物的K+/OC值分别为0.30、0.52、0.49和0.15,这些特征值可用于判断长三角区域空气质量受秸秆燃烧排放影响的程度,为大气污染来源解析提供直接的判断依据.