天津-长岛区域有机氯污染物的相对化学组成与大气传输

为了研究持久性有机污染物(POPs)的区域分布、大气传输与来源,采用被动采样技术于2006年7月—2008年6月在山东长岛与天津同步采集大气样品.色谱/高分辨质谱(GC/HRMS)分析数据表明,有机氯污染物化学组成季节变化明显.天津-长岛区域的大气样品主要按照季节聚类,表现出有机氯污染的区域性特征.天津和长岛相距约400 km,两地化学组成的相似性归因于有效的大气扩散和长距离传输.同时,天津点位的源区特征,长岛渔港和船厂含DDTs船舶防污漆的使用作为一种重要的DDTs排放,在化学组成和聚类结果中,均得到了客观的反映.有机氯污染物相对化学组成可以作为一种“指纹”和“探针”技术,研究大气污染物的传输和区域分布.      

石油炼化行业恶臭气体成分谱研究

为研究石油炼化行业恶臭污染排放现状,采用冷阱富集-GC/MS技术研究了天津一家典型石油炼化企业不同处理单元空气中臭气的组成、主要组分含量及成分谱.在所采集的样品中,定性分析共检测到140种有机化合物,主要包括硫化物、烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃、苯系物和含氧有机物六大类物质.定量检测结果表明,主要处理单元恶臭污染物浓度总体水平由高至低表现为气分处理装置>污油罐处理装置>汽柴油处理装置.结合数据分析,初步识别了石油炼化厂主要处理单元的特征污染物,气分处理装置有丙酮、2-丁烯、丁烷、乙硫醇、甲硫醚和甲硫醇,汽柴油处理装置有丙酮、丙烯、异丁烷、正戊烷和对二乙苯,污油罐处理装置有1-丁烯、2-丁烯、1-戊烯、丙酮、丙烯和乙硫醇.      

林下凋落物去除与施氮对针叶林和阔叶林土壤氮的影响

通过野外模拟试验,选择中亚热带针叶林(杉木林)和阔叶林(浙江桂林和罗浮栲林)森林生态系统,设3个施氮水平CK(对照)、低氮〔30kg/(hm2·a) 〕和高氮〔100kg/(hm2·a)〕及2个凋落物处理,研究施氮对土壤主要形态氮质量分数的影响、动态变化及凋落物在其中的作用. 结果表明:与CK相比,高氮处理可瞬时(3d)提高森林土壤氮质量分数,但施氮后持续效应的影响降低. 与保留凋落物相比,去除凋落物在施氮的持续效应中,可降低阔叶林土壤w(铵态氮)18.2%,而杉木林土壤的氮质量分数则略有升高.去除凋落物下施氮的持续和瞬时效应可增加各种林下土壤的w(硝态氮),其中浙江桂林土壤w(硝态氮)分别增加58.9%和38.2%,罗浮栲林土壤分别增加7.0%和30.0%,杉木林土壤分别增加-17.1%和9.0%. 可见凋落物在施氮连续事件中存在复杂的短期和长期相互影响. 阔叶林土壤w(SON)(SON为可溶性有机氮)较高,并且其微生物w(SON)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于杉木林土壤,而杉木林土壤微生物w(铵态氮)及其占微生物w(TN)的比例高于阔叶林土壤.      

Fish as an indicator of aquatic environment: Multielemental neutron activation analysis of nutrient and pollutant elements in fish from Indian coastal areas

Fish is the main food in coastal areas and its analysis for toxic metals has been used as an indicator of the pollution status of the aquatic environment. Several different fish species from the three Indian coasts, Visakhapatnam in the east, Mumbai in the west and Mangalore in the south west and also inland freshwater fish from Nagpur in the central region for comparison were analyzed for up to 20 elements (As, Au, Ba, Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Zn) by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Dried fish samples in powdered form were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor followed by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry at different intervals. Several Reference Materials (RMs) of biological origin were analyzed for quality assurance and data validation. Elemental contents in different fish species vary in a wide range depending on the species, its size, location, and aquatic environment. Fish from Mangalore showed highest mean contents of Cr (14.8?±?29.9?µg?g^?1), Cu (1005?±?643?µg?g^?1) and Sb (849?±?888?ng?g^?1) whereas those from Mumbai exhibited highest Hg (2066?±?2146?ng?g^?1) and P (20.3?±?4.63?µg?g^?1) but lowest Cu (6.30?±?3.10?µg?g^?1) contents. Fish from all the regions showed significant amounts of nutrient elements such as Na, K, P, Mn, Fe, Se and Zn as well as some pollutant elements (Br, Cr, Sb, Hg). No regularity in variation of elemental contents with the size was observed. Prawn (Panaeus latisulcatus), a popular fish species from four different regions showed wide variation in elemental contents of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Se, P including toxic pollutants, Sb and Hg. An attempt has been made to calculate daily dietary intake (DDI) for some nutrient elements from Indian fish. Elemental data for Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn have been compared with those from other fish exporting countries.     

Inorganic mercury pharmacokinetics in man: a two-compartment model

Excreta data obtained from five human subjects and previously analyzed as part of a multicompartment model (Hall, L.L., P.V. Allen, H.L. Fisher, and B. Most. 1995. The kinetics of intravenously administered inorganic mercury in humans. In Kinetic models of trace element and mineral metabolism, ed. K.N.S. Subramanian and M.E. Wastney, 1-21. Boca Raton: CRC Press) were reanalyzed by means of a two-compartment model. The mobile compartment represents mercury of any form that is available for transport throughout the body. The immobile compartment represents mercury in forms that are not available for transport. The model simulates time profiles for body inorganic mercury and for fecal and urinary excretion. According to the model, intravenously administered mercury enters the body in the mobile form. Following administration, two distinct kinetic profiles were observed. In four of five subjects, mobile mercury in the body declined rapidly and the immobile form became dominant within 6 days. In these subjects, fecal excretion profiles were characterized by an initial phase dominated by excretion of mobile mercury lasting up to 6 days. This was followed by a slower phase during which mobile and immobile mercury were excreted in varying amounts. A similar pattern was seen in urinary profiles, but the initial phase is shorter and less pronounced. In each of these subjects, immobile mercury accounted for 84–94% of the total cumulative urinary excretion. The fifth subject showed a unique kinetic profile. Conversion of mobile to immobile mercury was slow and the two forms did not reach equivalence until approximately 70 days after dosing. Despite this fact, approximately 99% of fecally excreted mercury and 100% of urinary mercury originated in the immobile compartment. Possible explanations for the different profiles are discussed within the context of the model.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine residues in fish from the magdalena and meta rivers in Colombia

From sexually mature female fish of 32 different species muscle tissues and eggs were collected at four sites in the Magdalena and Meta rivers in Colombia. In most of the fishes, organochlorine residues were found both in the muscle tissues and in the eggs. On a fat basis, the level of SDDT and PCBs in the muscle tissues ranged from 55–10 700 and 5–5610 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The concentration of these compounds in the fish eggs were generally lower than those in the tissues. The levels of the residues in the fish were highest in the middle and lower part of the Magdalena River, indicating a contamination of the whole fish community. The results show that this river, especially its lower part after merging with the River Bogotá, is heavily influenced by anthropogenic persistent compounds. The pollution of lakes, dams, rivers and coastal areas with sewage, pesticides and industrial wastes is one of the most pressing environmental problems in Colombia. Since there are no statistics or other material that permit a diagnosis of the problem and its magnitude, it is urgent to carry out such investigations to identify sources and take appropriate measures. The responsibility for the use and control of industrial and agricultural chemicals is today shared among many regional corporations. We suggest the establishment of an authority at high technical and govermental level that can initiate monitoring and coordinate actions to alleviate the present situation.     

福建省稻米中的砷水平及其健康风险研究

为更好了解区域水平上水稻(OryzasativaL.)砷所引起的健康风险,在福建省9个地区采集了206份水稻样品并对其总砷和无机砷含量进行了分析,然后在此基础上建立风险评价模型并对其健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,福建省水稻精米中总砷平均含量为(0.105±0.091)mg·kg-1,无机砷平均含量为(0.045±0.019)mg·kg-1。全省所有样品中无机砷含量符合中国国家标准规定的限量标准(MCL)0.15mg·kg-1。通过膳食调查的数据和水稻无机砷含量对每天通过稻米消费无机砷摄入量进行了计算,全省平均每天无机砷摄入量为13.50μg,并且9个地区每天无机砷摄入量均超过了美国国家研究委员会所规定的最大限量标准10μg·d-1。根据无机砷摄入量和癌症斜率因子所构建的癌症风险模型结果表明,福建省稻米无机砷所引起的癌症风险为每100000有37.5人,虽然低于中国的平均水平(每100000有61人),但是超过了美国国家环境保护局所规定的可以接受的癌症风险的上限(每100000人有10人)。因此,需要进一步通过流行病学方面的调查来确定福建省稻米无机砷摄入和健康风险之间的关系。     

大庆典型区域湿地水体污染物迁移变化特征研究

目前对于天然湿地水体污染物迁移变化规律的研究还不全面。大庆区域湿地面积较大,但石油开采所产生的含油废水以及其他生产和生活的废水进入湿地,对该区域湿地水环境产生了较大的影响。对大庆区域湿地水体自净效果及变化状况进行研究,对揭示该湿地生态系统健康状况变化有着重要意义。为此,按不同季节对湿地系统不同典型位置(进水处、出水处、中间部位),采集水样、湿地植物芦苇(Phragmiteshirsuta)与湿地土壤,考察了大庆湿地不同时空条件下的湿地水质情况以及湿地植物芦苇、土壤的变化情况。结果表明:湿地系统夏季污染最严重,污染程度从高到低依次为夏、秋、春,春季综合污染指数最低为13.11。TN的综合污染指数最高为14.05,5项水质指标综合污染指数从高到低顺序依次为TN、COD、含油量、NH4+-N、BOD5。湿地对水体污染物去除主要发生在湿地前部区域。在监测期间,湿地前部区域去除的TN的量占整个湿地区域去除TN量的71.86%,湿地前部区域去除的COD的量占整个湿地区域去除COD量的77.51%,湿地前部区域去除的NH4+-N的量占整个湿地区域去除NH4+-N量的56.46%,湿地前部区域去除的含油量占整个湿地区域去除含油量的79.91%,湿地前部区域去除的BOD5的量占整个湿地区域去除BOD5量的53.57%。湿地系统对湿地水体污染物的降解是沿湿地水流方向逐渐降低的,湿地自净效果明显。植物通过吸收直接去除部分氮、磷,而且在生长季节作用更明显。在湿地前部区域植物生长效果略好于后部,对氮、磷吸收也略高于后部,这正与湿地系统对污染物的降解是沿湿地水流方向逐渐降低相吻合。另外,湿地土壤能够吸附水中一些污染物质,湿地植物与土壤都对水中污染物的去除发挥重要作用。     

焦化废水中有机物的识别、污染特性及其在废水处理过程中的降解

采用液-液萃取辅以硅胶、氧化铝净化的方法,并结合GC/MS分析技术,系统分析了焦化废水中有机物的组成.在焦化废水中检测到15类558种有机物.根据有机物的分子结构、废水中的含量、毒性及环境效应,筛选出焦化废水中的特征性有机污染物,以区别于其它工业废水,可作为追溯环境中污染物来源的依据.经物理、生物和化学处理后,焦化废水中大部分有机物被去除,其中,对去除率的主要贡献是生物处理阶段.为了更好地考察生物处理阶段对有机污染物的去除特征,选定酚类、多环芳烃和喹啉类物质作为研究对象,分析了3类特征性污染物在A/O2工艺各单元中的去除状况及组成变化特征.