城市森林大气PM2.5中水溶性无机离子沉降特征

森林被誉为"地球之肺",在防霾治污方面有其独特不可替代的作用,不同树种沉降PM_2.5的功能有很大差别.本文选取代表性城市森林——奥林匹克森林公园为研究对象,设置垂直监测塔观测大气PM_2.5的浓度垂直分布,以考察不同季节城市森林对PM_2.5中各组分的影响.在冬季、春季和夏季各采集PM_2.5样品,分析并计算PM_2.5中Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg2⁺、Ca2⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-等典型水溶性无机离子的浓度.结果表明,PM_2.5中水溶性无机离子总浓度呈规律性变化特征:冬季((56.90±27.38)μg·m-3)>春季((46.69±12.24)μg·m^-3)>夏季((23.16±8.75)μg·m^-3).其中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度和占PM_2.5主要水溶性无机离子总浓度的50%以上.3个季节中,除冬季外,在春季和夏季,8种离子有明显的垂直方向上的沉降,夏季的沉降速率高于春季,但是春季由于大气颗粒物浓度高,沉降通量高于夏季.NO₃^-和SO₄^2-垂直方向的沉降量在所有可溶性无机离子中最高.植被密度、叶面积指数、气象条件等因素对于PM_2.5的沉降特征有明显影响.     

环渤海经济区海域船舶大气污染物排放特征

环渤海经济区是我国重点打造的7个跨省（区、市）的经济区域之一,也是我国北方大气污染控制重点区域和主要航运发展区域.随着陆上污染物减排力度的不断加强,环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染日益受到各界关注.为分析环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物排放特征,采用船舶AIS（Automatic Identification System,自动识别系统）数据、国内外船舶登记注册数据,利用基于AIS的动力法计算了环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物排放清单.结果表明:2017年环渤海经济区船舶SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC和CO的排放量分别为26.18×104、41.12×104、3.48×104、1.13×104和2.66×104 t;船舶大气污染物排放主要在低速航行、巡航和系泊工况下产生,低速航行下SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC、CO的分担率较大,分别为45.56%、48.79%、46.55%、48.68%、47.00%,系泊工况下SO_x、NO_x、PM₁₀、HC和CO的排放量分别为5.06×104、6.86×104、0.67×104、0.19×104和0.51×104 t,因此,推进靠港船舶使用岸电等举措具有良好的减排效果.船舶使用硫含量（以质量分数计）为0.5%和0.1%的燃料油后,SO_x排放量分别减少81.47%和96.29%,可见船舶使用低硫油时SO_x减排效果显著.研究显示,禁止船舶在航行时使用高硫油、要求船舶靠港前换烧低硫油、提高港口岸电覆盖率、加大靠港船舶使用岸电力度是环渤海经济区周边海域船舶大气污染物减排的有效措施.      

Copeland法与证据权重法在污染物危害性排序上的对比研究

化学物质可能对生态环境或通过不同环境介质对人体健康造成危害。为识别出高危害的污染物,采用Copeland计分排序法和证据权重法,分别选择4、6和8个筛选指标,开展了50种污染物危害特性优先性排序。结果表明:筛选因子数量相同时,2种方法危害性排序结果的斯皮尔曼相关性在0.94以上,具有较好的相关性,可见2种方法均可用于污染物危害性排序;方法相同时,不同指标排序结果之间的相关性相对较小,表明选择不同的筛选指标对结果影响较大。     

微塑料对疏水性有机污染物的生物富集影响研究进展

近年来,海洋和淡水环境中微塑料污染已成为全球关注的热点问题。微塑料不仅会对生物体造成物理损伤,而且微塑料会吸附环境中的疏水性有机污染物(HOCs),也能释放其本身含有的添加型疏水性有机化合物至表面,从而形成复合污染物进入生物体。然而,有关微塑料在污染物生物富集过程中发挥的作用及其机制还不清楚。本文从实验室暴露、野外富集和模型模拟研究3个方面对微塑料作用下HOCs的生物富集规律进行了综述,总结了微塑料作用下的生物富集机制。最后,针对微塑料对HOCs生物富集作用的研究方向提出了几点建议。     

The significance of PCBs in the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere

Air monitoring stations were set up at 2 sites in the southern hemisphere--Moody Brook, Falkland Island (51 degrees 25' S, 57 degrees 56' W) and Halley, Research Station, Antarctica (75 degrees 35' S, 26 degrees 30' W). PCBs were monitored at the stations throughout 1999. Highest concentrations were observed when temperatures were greater. In general, concentrations were greater at Moody Brook than at Halley, although the difference in concentrations between sites was less for more chlorinated congeners. Air concentrations at both sites were compared with samples collected nearby over-water. Over water air concentrations were found to be greater than over land air concentrations. Concentrations were also compared with literature data for air concentrations at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic. Atmospheric concentrations of tri-chlorinated biphenyls were found to be approximately double those reported for Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic, whilst concentrations in samples from Antarctica were very similar to those found in the high Arctic. Most other PCBs were a factor of 2-4 greater in the Canadian Arctic.     

Man-made chemicals found in remote areas of the world: the experimental definition for POPs

Members of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN-ECE) signed a legally binding protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in February 1998 under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. A treaty that intends to control the production, import, export, disposal and use of toxic chemicals that persist for decades in the environment has been formally signed at a conference in May 2001 in Stockholm. The 2001 POP treaty, like the 1998 LRTAP POP protocol, contains a provision on adding further chemicals to the initial group of twelve or fifteen. The occurrence of a compound or a group of compounds in so called remote and pristine areas, e.g. in the Artic or in the Southern Hemisphere, proves its stability under the chemical and biological conditions of the environment. Compounds identified in this way, in samples taken primarily in very remote regions of the planet, are classified by their environmental fate and global distribution as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), regardless of any political assessments.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of interactions between organic pollutants and soil components,a review

This article presents a short overview of selected recent papers using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to investigate interactions between organic pollutants and soil components such as organic matter, clays, whole soils, and sediments. First, we describe solid state cross polarisation magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) experiments as the main tools to investigate covalent bonds. Second, we report NMR approaches allowing us to assess molecule mobility and to characterise non-covalent interactions. Those approaches include correlations between K _oc values and soil organic matter functions determined by CP-MAS, ²H NMR fingerprints, relaxation time measurements, ¹⁹F and ¹H high resolution (HR)-MAS experiments.     

NOx污染控制进展

本文概述了近年来国内外NOx污染控制的进展，并介绍了将一种矿石原料打成浆料，在低温下吸收NOx，吸收后得一种很有经济价值的硝酸盐，此硝酸盐可直接作为产品销售出去，也可进一步加工成一种高附加值产品的研究成果。     

峨眉山1998年雨水化学组成的动态变化

为了研究进入峨眉山地区污染物质的起源，从1998年4月开始在峨眉山22处设置了雨水采集点采集了雨水。本文介绍1998年峨眉山雨水化学组成随季节变化的特征。作者认为峨眉山一年中雨水可分为三期：中和期、清洁期和污染期。     

LABORATORY AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN OPEN CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: The non-Fickian nature of the longitudinal dispersion in natural channels during low flow has been investigated using both laboratory experiments and the numerical solution of the proposed mathematical model which is based on a set of mass balance equations describing the dispersion and mass exchange mechanisms. Laboratory experiments, which involved collection of channel geometry, hydraulic, and dye dispersion test data, were conducted to obtain sets of experimental data on a model of four pool and riffle sequences in a 161-ft long tilting flume in the Hydrosystems Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The experimental results indicate that flow over the model pool-riffle sequences is highly nonuniform. Concentration-time curves are significantly skewed with long tails. The mixing and dispersion in the laboratory channel was simulated using a numerical solution of the mathematical model in which the finite difference method developed by Stone and Brian (1963) was used as a solution technique. The comparison between measured and predicted concentration-time curves shows that there is a good level of agreement in the general shape, peak concentration, and time to peak. The proposed model shows significant improvement over the conventional Fickian model in predicting dispersion processes in natural channels under low flow conditions.