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131.
132.
Daniel H. Hoggan Kirk R. Kimball Jay M. Bagley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(1):1-9
ABSTRACT: Dramatic changes in Utah's economy caused by urbanization, large scale energy developments, and other influences will significantly reorient water use patterns. Thus, state water management policies and programs which have evolved over many years should be reevaluated. Several factors have influenced Utah water project financing policy. Among these have been: 1) the prominence of agriculture in the settlement of Utah and the century following, 2) dry cycles and periodic severe droughts, 3) recurring periods of economic depression, and 4) allocation of Colorado River water among the basin states and Mexico, Three revolving funds have been established. The Revolving Construction Fund, created in 1947, provides money for irrigation projects; the Cities Water Loan Fund, created in 1975, provides money to communities for developing culinary systems and improving quality to meet the demands of exploding population growth; and the Water Resources Conservation and Development Fund, created in 1978, provides money for large scale multipurpose water projects costing $1 million or more. The justification for these financing programs seems to be a mixture of rectifying market imperfections and income redistribution. However, trends in the agricultural sector and the multipurpose nature of large scale projects now being funded suggest that earlier justifications may no longer be valid. Rigorous project evaluation procedures, lacking in the past, should be adopted. 相似文献
133.
William B. Lord James F Booker David M. Getches Benjamin L. Harding Douglas S. Kenney Robert A. Young 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(5):939-944
ABSTRACT: This paper presents a summary of the findings and recommendations of the studies of severe, sustained drought reported in this special issue. The management facilities and institutions were found to be effective in protecting consumptive water users against drought, but much less effective in protecting nonconsumptive uses. Changes in intrastate water management were found to be effective in reducing the monetary value of damages, through reallocating shortages to low-valued uses, while only water banking and water marketing, among the possible interstate rule changes, were similarly effective. Players representing the basin states and the federal government in three gaming experiments were unable to agree upon and effect major changes in operating rules. The conclusions are (1) that nonconsumptive water uses are highly vulnerable to drought, (2) that consumptive uses are well-protected, (3) that drought risk is greatest in the Upper Basin, (4) that the Lower Basin suffers from chronic water shortage but bears little drought risk, (5) that opportunities exist for win-win rule changes, (6) that such rule changes are extremely difficult to make, and (7) that intrastate drought management is very effective m in reducing potential damages. 相似文献
134.
The use and management of natural capital is critical in all nations, but especially so in poor nations. The role of institutions – chiefly, property rights and pricing systems for natural resources – is pivotal in achieving growth and improved distribution of income and wealth, in understanding environmental degradation, and in seeking improved policy. Particularly useful criteria and indicators of sustainable development relate to `green' output and productivity measures in which the depreciation of natural capital is being considered. Special management problems exist for `critical' components of natural capital to which variants of the precautionary principle must be applied to ensure that our heirs receive an undiminished patrimony. 相似文献
135.
Martin H. David Elizabeth L. David 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(3):421-428
With the pressure from industries and municipalities to reduce the waste water treatment costs associated with the permit limits needed to attain the goals of the Clean Water Act, attention has turned ways of introducing flexibility into the regulations without sacrificing the water quality goals. Wisconsin is the first state to have adopted a variety of options from which dischargers may choose when meeting their water quality requirements. These options were developed for the express purpose of minimizing the costs and maximizing the flexibility of the point source water quality regulations while ensuring that permitted discharge would not violate the water quality standards. This paper presents five options that the state has made available to dischargers, as well as one the state did not adopt. The conclusion is that a mix of options can substantially increase the flexibility and reduce the costs of meeting water quality standards on effluent limited streams. 相似文献
136.
ABSTRACT: Institutional innovation is central to many water resource problems. (In this context “institutions” refers to the laws and regulations governing water allocation and use.) Yet, typically, economic analyses treat institutions as exogenous and fixed. Unfortunately, this conventional assumption does not allow economists to address many modern problems. This paper develops an economic framework in which institutions are treated as endogenous. The model accounts for (1) factors that stimulate calls for formal institutional change, (2) the role of interest groups in policymaking, and (3) actual institutional change as it impacts choice domains and thus economic performance. The model is compared to a specific case of change in Colorado's water institutions, namely, instream water rights legislation in the 1970's. The empirical evidence is generally consistent with model hypotheses. The model promises to be useful to scholars and policymakers interested in institutional innovation. 相似文献
137.
Warren Viessman Jr. 《Environmental management》1982,6(1):35-41
The water policy of the United States of America has evolved over many years from an uncoordinated and often narrowly focused collection of legislative and administrative actions. Unfortunately, these elements are frequently in conflict, with the result that efforts to assure adequate water supplies for the future are ineffective. Water policy reform is urgently needed to preclude a major scale water crisis.The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Library of Congress or any member of Congress. 相似文献
138.
孙杰 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2004,14(3):122-123
档案工作是十分重要的基础工作,高校档案工作是加强管理的重要方向,因此要加强宣传、强化领导,转变观念,努力创新,注重建设,提高素质,强化管理,重视研究,努力提高高校档案工作水平。 相似文献
139.
140.
Contrary to earlier forecasts, the global greenhouse gas market will initially be characterised by low prices and a strong
competition between the different Kyoto Mechanisms. The CDM involves higher transaction costs than the other mechanisms and
has lost a considerable share of its ‘early start’ advantage due to the continuous delays in defining the CDM rules on the
international level. Host countries will have to compete intensively for CDM investments. Thus the development of effective
institutions is crucial to reap benefits from this market, especially if a unilateral strategy is chosen. Countries should
develop approval criteria and sectoral priorities in a broad stakeholder consultation. Moreover, capacity building of local
actors, information exchange as well as marketing has to be organised. Experience from several countries shows that clear
competencies are crucial to get investor confidence. Long-term professional staff is also an important asset. Fights between
ministries will scare off investors. The optimum institution will be a CDM Office that is independent but has full approval
powers. A second-best solution is a two-tiered system. A CDM Board with representatives of ministries would define criteria
and priorities whereas a CDM Secretariat would evaluate (and possibly approve) project proposals and do outreach and marketing.
Small countries would preferably use the existing focal point of the UNFCCC and flexibly involve consultants if project proposalscome
in. Even under an optimal institutional structure, CDM projects will only be implemented if financing and contractual issues
can be resolved.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献