Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

地震波数值模拟方法研究综述

地震波场数值模拟不仅是研究复杂地区地震资料采集、处理和解释的有效辅助手段,而且是研究地球深部精细构造的有效工具。地震波场数值模拟的主要方法包括3大类,即几何射线法、积分方程法和波动方程法。首先介绍了地震波数值模拟方法的理论基础和内容及特点,然后概括介绍了20世纪90年代以来几何射线法和各种波动方程数值模拟方法的新进展。因为波动方程数值模拟包含了丰富的波动信息,可为研究地震波的传播机理和复杂地层的解释提供更多的佐证,所以重点介绍波动方程数值模拟方法。最后,对各种数值模拟方法进行了评述,并给出了地震波传播理论和数值模拟方法发展的展望。     

Mathematical Model for Pollution Source Identification in Rivers

Release of pollution into rivers is required to be handled with special consideration to environmental standards. For this purpose, it is essential to specify the contribution of each pollution source in contamination of water resources. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for determining locations and concentration release histories of polluting point sources using measured downstream river concentrations via an inverse problem framework. The inverse solution is based on the integral equation obtained from applying the Green's function method on the one-dimensional advection-dispersion contaminant transport equation. Discretization of this integral equation results in a linear, over-determined and ill-posed system of algebraic equations that are solved by using the Tikhonov regularization method. Several examples and some real field data are investigated to illustrate the abilities of the proposed model. Results imply that the proposed method is effective and can identify the pollution sources in rivers with acceptable accuracy.     

基于神经网络方法的复杂超静定结构失效概率分析

将整体结构按拓扑关系划分为若干模块,根据力的传递原理对模块结构进行失效概率计算,获得各模块结构的失效概率信息;运用有限元模拟分析获得整体结构的失效概率信息。再将模块结构的失效概率作为输入,整体结构的失效概率作为输出,构造样本集。以BP神经网络进行失效概率分析,既可提高计算速度和精度,也可利用其泛化能力对相同拓扑结构的超静定结构进行失效概率计算。算例中对包含5个模块结构的整体结构单元进行基于神经网络的失效概率分析,以网络外推能力计算了包含7模块结构的整体结构单元的失效概率,获得较好的计算精度,从而验证了该方法的有效性。     

危岩体断裂特性的网格重构数值仿真研究

危岩体稳定是三峡库区的主要关注点之一.为探究不同裂纹赋存形态以及不同降雨工况下危岩体断裂的变形特性,基于围道积分原理,在Abaqus平台上利用Python语言开发了基于断裂力学理论的危岩体任意裂纹扩展的网格重构数值模拟方法,该方法与以往危岩体裂纹扩展数值模拟方法相比,能够体现危岩体裂纹尖端的断裂力学特征,实现连续介质中...     

基于模糊积分综合评价法的我国应急物资对外采购能力评价

首先构建了应急物资对外采购能力评价指标体系,然后针对我国应急物资对外采购能力评价是一个单方案、多层、多指标且指标间具有相关性的主观评价问题,提出了利用Choquet模糊积分和模糊测度构建我国应急物资对外采购能力二级综合评价模型。利用专家打分法确定单指标的模糊密度;用Choquet模糊积分算子融合指标的评语值;给出了详细的评价方法,并运用该方法对我国的应急物资对外采购能力进行评价,根据评价结果提出了存在的问题和改进建议。     

太湖流域水污染实质与集成化流域管理

本文分析了太湖流域面源性水环境污染问题及其治理机制 ,在此基础上指出面源污染的深层原因是传统粗放型经济增长方式 ;生活方式的过物质化、城乡二元结构及城乡空间布局的不合理等社会经济运行机制的不可持续性 ,并对建立适应面源污染的综合性、集成化和流域性的水环境管理体制提出了突破性的改革思路     

环保与HVACCAD软件一体化设计的探讨

以多级模糊综合评判为工具,在专家知识库的支持下,利用计算机判别最优设计方案。紧终方案既满足工程设计要求,又满足安全环保技术要求,从而实现环保与HVACCAD软件一体化设计。     

区域大气污染物日均浓度不同计算方法的比较

在计算区域典型日大气中ＳＯ２日均浓度时,对点源采用高斯烟流模式和烟团模式;对面源分别采用后退点源模式和面源积分模式,计算结果均与实际的监测值比较接近,但用面源积分模式得到的计算结果较后退点源模式更准确。     

产朊假丝酵母CANDIDA UTILIS细胞壁对铜离子吸附位点的研究

目前认为所有生物大分子都对重金属离子有较强吸附性 ,但某些分子可特异地吸附重金属 ,并介导酵母细胞对重金属的抗性[1] .其中细胞表面的高分子聚合物倍受关注 ,酵母细胞壁约含 4 0种蛋白分子 ,但有关这些蛋白质在对重金属离子吸附中的作用目前还未见报道 .产朊假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｕｔｉｌｉｓ是重要单细胞蛋白生产菌株之一 ,因其营养条件要求不高 ,对工业废水有较强耐受和转化能力而广泛用于生产和研究 .我们观察了产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力差异 ,并对细胞壁上重金属离子吸附位点进行了研究 .1　材料与方…