Influence of pore size and membrane surface properties on arsenic removal by nanofiltration membranes

Four NF membranes were compared regarding arsenate rejection and their properties. Rejection of arsenate had no relationship with membrane pore size. A more negative surface charge was favorable for arsenate rejection at neutral pH. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a great reduction of arsenic rejection. Nanofiltration (NF) has a great potential in removing arsenate from contaminated water. The performance including arsenate rejection, water permeability and resistance to fouling could however differ substantially among NF membranes. This study was conducted to investigate the influence of membrane pore size and surface properties on these aspects of membrane performance. Four fully-aromatic NF membranes with different physicochemical properties were adopted for this study. The results showed that surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness and pore size could affect water permeability and/or arsenate rejection considerably. A more negative surface charge was desirable to enhance arsenate rejection rates. NF90 and a non-commercialized membrane (M#1) demonstrated the best performance in terms of arsenate rejection and water permeability. The M#1 membrane showed less membrane fouling than NF90 when used for filtration of real arsenic-containing groundwater. This was mainly due to its distinct chemical composition and surface properties. A severe membrane fouling could lead to a substantial reduction of arsenic rejection. The M#1 membrane showed the best performance, which indicated that membrane modification could indeed enhance the overall membrane performance for water treatment.     

Ethics and governance for internet-based conservation science research

Internet-based research is increasingly important for conservation science and has wide-ranging applications and contexts, including culturomics, illegal wildlife trade, and citizen science. However, online research methods pose a range of ethical and legal challenges. Online data may be protected by copyright, database rights, or contract law. Privacy rights may also restrict the use and access of data, as well as ethical requirements from institutions. Online data have real-world meaning, and the ethical treatment of individuals and communities must not be marginalized when conducting internet-based research. As ethics frameworks originally developed for biomedical applications are inadequate for these methods, we propose that research activities involving the analysis of preexisting online data be treated analogous to offline social science methods, in particular, nondeceptive covert observation. By treating internet users and their data with respect and due consideration, conservationists can uphold the public trust needed to effectively address real-world issues.     

Soil physicochemical properties of Pinus tabuliformis plantations of different ages in Yanqing,Beijing北大核心CSCD

Soil physicochemical properties are important parameters to characterize soil quality. To evaluate the effects of different stand ages from young to mature on the soil physicochemical properties of Pinus tabulaeformis plantations, four different aged P. tabulaeformis plantations (14, 28, 36, and 51-year old) were investigated in Yanqing district, Beijing, China. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm, to analyze the effect of soil depth on soil physicochemical indexes. With increasing soil depth, the soil moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity decreased gradually, but pH value increased. There was no significant difference in soil bulk density (BD) between different soil depths. Organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) content also decreased gradually with increasing soil depth, but there was no uniform change in electrical conductivity (EC). With the growth and development of P. tabulaeformis plantations, the soil moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity of the same depth increased gradually, but pH value decreased. The difference in BD between different ages was not significant. The OM, N, and P content showed an increasing trend with increasing stand age. The K content in 14 a and 28 a plantations was significantly higher than that in 36 a and 51 a plantations. EC was the highest in 51 a plantations. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between BD and water characteristics, porosity. There was a significant positive correlation between OM and N, P. The negative correlation between OM and pH reached a significant level at P < 0.01. OM was negatively correlated with BD, total potassium (TK, P < 0.05) and available potassium (AK, P > 0.05). Therefore, the soil physicochemical properties of P. tabulaeformis plantations improved with increasing stand age. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the management of P. tabulaeformis plantations in Beijing, such as thinning, fertilization management, and mixed forest forestation. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于生态环境产权界定的流域生态补偿标准研究

论文通过对流域生态环境产权的明确界定,科学厘清生态保护投入补偿和污染补偿,综合考虑流域生态环境服务的水量分摊和水质补偿,并将其统一纳入到流域生态补偿标准测算中,针对性地提出了流域上下游之间的生态补偿标准,然后以皖浙两省新安江流域生态补偿为例进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：1）基于流域生态环境产权界定,可以从理论上厘清流域生态补偿的对象和内容,将水质和水量因素整合纳入到流域生态补偿标准测算中;2）根据生态环境产权的界定,不同利益主体面对的补偿标准和补偿内容不同,但是上下游共享流域生态环境权益的产权安排相对更为公平合理,并且能够兼顾各方权益;3）上下游共享流域生态环境权益情况下,综合水质和水量因素的流域生态补偿标准其生态环境保护目标明确,补偿内容全面完整,易被各方所接受。     

碱处理对互花米草理化特性的影响研究

研究了5%的NaOH溶液固态处理互花米草后,互花米草的物质结构、物质组成以及水浸提液理化特性的变化.结果表明,经5%的NaOH溶液处理48h后,互花米草的木质纤维结构受到破坏,木质素大分子被碎片化,一些含氮的有机物和碳水化合物受到破坏,导致互花米草水浸提液的COD、TN和有机氮含量大幅增加,分别增加了333.90%、45.26%和25.83倍.对纤维素含量和纤维素结晶度的影响不大,但纤维素的结晶区可能发生了一定的重结晶.半纤维素受到较大程度的破坏,半纤维素含量大幅降低了27.65%,产生了一些羧基类物质.碱处理后,木质素的包裹作用被去除,互花米草的生物降解性能提高.     

近塌陷区矿山公路开采沉降规律及安全性研究

由于受到地下开采扰动的影响,如何保证矿山公路的安全性是研究者们关注的焦点之一。从工程实际出发,基于三维几何建模软件和MIDAS/GTS有限元软件的结合技术,通过建立地表三维模型和矿体三维模型,构建了关于塌陷区沉降模拟的精细三维模型,开展了地下开采过程中临近塌陷区矿山公路沉降特性及其安全性的数值模拟研究。结果表明,随着地下开采强度和范围的增大,地表沉降的规模和程度都在不断增加,临近塌陷区的矿山公路及沿线边坡受到了地下采动的影响也变大;虽然总体仍保持稳定,但是在公路的局部区域存在一定的安全隐患;计算结果和实地调查的情况一致,故得到矿山公路的沉降特性规律为下一步塌陷区的安全有效处治提供了基础数据。     

Inherent conflicts at the coast

Because choice is conflict, decision-making is necessarily about conflict resolution. Choices are necessary because the options are mutually exclusive but the nature of this inherent conflict varies. Typically, these conflicts are multidimensional. In coasal zones, the complex interactions between systems makes decision-making particularly complex; in particular, environmental interests are themselves frequently in conflict. In making a choice, it is important to determine why that choice is necessary in the first place. There are further conflicts about the objectives to be satisfied by the decision process; between the determination of the best outcome and the best decision process. Social scientists centre upon the requirement for a fair decision process rather than upon seeking an optimum outcome. Unlike physical scientists who seek more and better information, social scientists focus upon the development and maintenance of institutions.     

强化好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的水力条件响应研究

好氧颗粒污泥是一项极具潜力的新型污水生物处理技术,但颗粒结构易失稳是瓶颈问题.本文围绕反应体系水力条件与颗粒污泥稳定性的相互关系,以序批式生物反应器(SBR)运行过程接种污泥(0d)、形成初期颗粒污泥(30d)和稳定颗粒污泥(90d)为研究对象,考察不同水力条件下颗粒污泥聚集形式和表面性质变化规律.结果表明,接种絮体污...     

生物膜的研究进展

本文综述了近年来生物膜研究成果,包括生物膜的发育形成、形态结构、组成、物理－ 化学特征、抗性等;生物膜在污水处理方面的作用和微生物组织腐蚀性的负效应     

化学-生物絮凝工艺处理城市污水可行性研究

通过对原水性质、处理效果和污泥性质等方面的试验对化学 生物絮凝工艺处理城市污水的可行性进行了研究。结果表明用化学 生物絮凝工艺来处理城市污水是可行的 ,且出水能够达到相关的排放标准。此外 ,采用化学 生物絮凝工艺的污水处理厂可以节约基建和运行费用。