工业噪声对脑认知影响的功率谱估计分析

为明确工业噪声对大脑认知的负面影响,采集火电厂球磨机的工业噪声,征集10名在校大学生在90 dB(A)的稳态工业噪声状态下及安静状态下的32导联脑电图(EEC).采用傅里叶变换方法进行频域分析,提取δ频段、θ频段、α1频段、α2频段和β频段功率谱,并进行统计分析.结果 表明:噪声环境与静音环境相比较,被试在δ频段、θ频...     

Assessing agricultural vulnerability to climate change in the Nordic countries – an interactive geovisualization approach

Nordic agriculture must adapt to climate change to reduce vulnerability and exploit potential opportunities. Integrated assessments can identify and quantify vulnerability in order to recognize these adaptation needs. This study presents a geographic visualization approach to support the interactive assessment of agricultural vulnerability to climate change. We have identified requirements for increased transparency and reflexivity in vulnerability assessments, arguing that these can be met by geographic visualization. A conceptual framework to support the integration of geographic visualization for vulnerability assessments has been designed and applied for the development of AgroExplore, an interactive tool for assessing agricultural vulnerability to climate change in Sweden. To open up the black box of composite vulnerability indices, AgroExplore enables the user to select, weight, and classify relevant indicators into sub-indices of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This enables the exploration of underlying indicators and factors determining vulnerability in Nordic agriculture.     

Toward knowledge structuring of sustainability science based on ontology engineering

In sustainability science (SS), it is difficult to identify what needs to be solved, and it is also not clear how to solve the problems that are identified. There has been no consensus on the underlying question of “What is structuring knowledge in SS?” This paper focuses on knowledge structuring accompanied by supporting of thinking. It addresses the key challenges associated with knowledge structuring in SS, identifies the requirements for the structuring of knowledge, proposes a reference model, and develops an ontology-based mapping tool as a solution to one layer of the reference model. First, we identify the important requirements for SS knowledge structuring. Second, we develop a reference model composed of five layers based on three of the requirements. Third, we develop an ontology-based mapping tool at Layer 2 of the reference model for meeting the two major challenges for SS, namely, identifying what problems should be addressed in SS itself and proposing solutions for those problems. The tool is designed to store and retrieve information regarding SS, to provide access to a prototype ontology for SS, and to create multiple maps of conceptual chains depending on a user’s interests and perspectives. Finally, we assess whether the developed tool successfully realizes the targeted part of the reference model for SS by examining the tool’s conformity to the reference model, as well as its usability, effectiveness, and constraints. Although several issues were identified in the prototype ontology and the mapping tool, the study concluded that the mapping tool is useful enough to facilitate the function of Layer 2. In particular, the mapping tool can support thinking about SS from the viewpoint of: (a) finding new potentials and risks of technological countermeasures studied in SS; (b) helping users to get a more comprehensive picture of problems and their potential solutions; and (c) providing an effective opportunity to come up with new ideas that might not be thought of without such a tool.     

Using Earth Observation to update a Natura 2000 habitat map for a wetland in Greece

The European Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC has defined the need for the conservation of habitats and species with the adoption of appropriate measures. Within the Natura 2000 ecological network of special areas of conservation, natural habitats will be monitored to ensure the maintenance or restoration of their composition, structure and extent. The European Space Agency's GlobWetland project has provided remotely sensed products for several Ramsar wetlands worldwide, such as detailed land cover-land use, water cycle and inundated vegetation maps. This paper presents the development and testing of an operational methodology for updating a wetland's habitat map using the GlobWetland products, and the evaluation of the extent to which GlobWetland products have contributed to the habitat map updating. The developed methodology incorporated both automated and analyst-supervised techniques to photo-interpret, delineate, refine, and evaluate the updated habitat polygons. The developed methodology was proven successful in its application to the wetland complex of the Axios-Loudias-Aliakmon delta (Greece). The resulting habitat map met the European and Greek national requirements. Results revealed that GlobWetland products were a valuable contribution, but source data (enhanced satellite images) were necessary to discriminate spectrally similar habitats. Finally, the developed methodology can be modified for original habitat mapping.     

宝鸡市冬季一次持续性重污染过程特征分析

污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染影响较大,研究不同地区污染气象成因和污染物区域传输作用对本地污染的治理有重要意义.利用污染物浓度监测和气象要素观测资料,采用统计学分析方法、特征雷达图和HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模型分析宝鸡市2018年12月29日—2019年1月8日一次持续性重污染过程的气象成因和污染特征.结果表明:①此次重度污染持续时间长、强度大,污染过程中有6 d空气质量指数(AQI)达到重度及以上污染(AQI>200),ρ(PM_2.5)平均值达205.4 μg/m3,有2 d达到严重污染(AQI>300).②气象条件对污染物浓度的影响显著,高低空环流形势形成稳定层结,容易造成污染物累积.东南大风将污染气团远距离输送到宝鸡市,西北静小风使得污染物在本地聚集加重污染.③重污染维持阶段,ρ(PM_2.5)/ρ(PM₁₀)在0.9左右,说明此次污染过程PM_2.5占比较大,污染物的二次转化作用明显;ρ(NO₂)/ρ(SO₂)为6.2,表征移动源贡献率高于固定源;ρ(CO)/ρ(SO₂)呈先增后减的变化特征,表明静稳天气持续,本地源排放对重污染的贡献逐渐凸显.④特征雷达图结果表明,此次重污染过程的污染类型由发展阶段的污染特征不明显和燃煤型污染特征,逐渐转化为偏二次污染类型,重污染过程结束后污染类型以偏扬尘型为主.研究显示,气象条件和传输扩散对宝鸡市重污染影响显著,宝鸡市重污染应急需优先管控移动源,汾渭平原应加强区域联动,共同治理环境污染问题.      

基于自组织映射与哈斯图方法的地表水水质评价研究

地表水水质评价是水资源管理与保护中的非常重要的问题.本研究主要目的是应用自组织映射(Self-Organizing Map,SOM)与哈斯图方法(Hasse Diagram Technique,HDT)对地表水水质监测数据集进行分类、建模、解释与评估.以西苕溪流域为例,对其50个断面于2010年6月-2011年5月进行月频率的水质监测.应用SOM分析发现,水质参数可分成10个聚类组,反映了西苕溪流域水质丰、平与枯水期特征,pH、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)在各个水期变化不大;溶解氧(DO)在枯水期与平水期相对较高,水质具有一定的自净能力;丰水期的氨氮(NH4+-N)、总氮(TN)与总磷(TP)值相对较小;西苕溪流域TN:TP(氮磷质量比)平均为46,监测期间变幅较大为2～482,监测期内有66.7％的水质样本处于磷限制状态,仅有3.2％处于氮限制状态,存在氮限制与磷限制交替出现的状态,表明流域总体处于磷限制状态.选取CODMn、NH4+-N、TN 与TP指标进行HDT综合分析,反映流域上游水质较好,中、下游水质相对较差;敏感性分析结果表明,CODMn敏感性数值最大为235,其次是TN为156,、NH4+-N与TP分别是61与34,表明西苕溪流域的CODMn、TN存在较大的环境风险.建议在西苕溪流域即将开展的环境整治与规划时应考虑开发相关的削减技术与制定相关措施政策以减少CODMn、TN污染.     

耕地质量地球化学评价及应用研究——以重庆市荣昌区为例

基于Arcgis平台,以耕地图斑为评价单元,对重庆市荣昌区耕地质量进行了地球化学评价及其应用研究。结果表明,研究区耕地土壤质量较好,地球化学等级以中等为主,占耕地总面积的74.44%,优质和良好等级占24%。土壤养分综合等级以中等为主,有机质、氧化钙和磷元素较缺乏,钾、硫、锌等多种元素较丰富。土壤环境质量总体较好,清洁和轻微污染区面积较大,轻度至重度污染区不足1%,土壤污染主要由Cd元素引起。耕地质量地球化学评价可广泛应用于耕地分等定级、基本农田划定、土地整治和农业生产活动中。     

关于全国推广洪水风险图的认识与设想

近年来，随着我国社会经济的加速发展，水灾损失也在急剧增长。洪水风险区域内人口资产密度提高，而经济发展中缺乏水患意识，减灾措施不足，以及总体上防洪保护标准偏低等，是水灾损失剧增的重要原因。为了扭转被动局面，国家防汛抗旱总指挥部决定在全国推广洪水风险图。世界各国防洪形势国情不同，洪水风险图的绘制目的与风险图的内容和表达形式也有显著差异。本文通过基本国情的分析和中外风险图绘制目的与必备内容的比较，探讨适合于我国推广的洪水风险图形式。     

基于文献计量学的“十三五”生态环境监测研究热点分析

利用科学计量与可视化相关工具,以《中文核心期刊要目总览(2017年版)》27种环境科学类核心期刊发表的2016—2020年生态环境监测论文数据为基础,从载文量分布、高被引论文、高产机构分布和技术主题分布等方面分析了"十三五"期间我国生态环境监测研究热点。结果表明:"十三五"期间生态环境监测论文数量有所增加,主要载文期刊分布于《环境科学》《中国环境监测》《环境科学与技术》;主要发文机构是中国环境科学研究院、中国环境监测总站、中国科学院大学;排名前10位的技术主题词分别是PM_(2.5)、重金属、土壤、污染特征、颗粒物、挥发性有机物、生态风险、臭氧、沉积物、多环芳烃,结合"十三五"前期和中后期热点主题词变化分析了生态环境监测研究关注点的变化趋势。     

国内外环境噪声监测方法比较及启示

综合比较了中国、日本、欧盟、美国和澳大利亚等国家或地区的环境噪声监测与评价方法,分析了声环境质量监测法、噪声地图预测法和噪声源监测法3种环境噪声评估方法的优缺点,认为声环境质量监测法适合现阶段中国环境噪声监测与管理需求,但下一步应结合噪声产生与传播预测方法改进中国声环境监测评价方法,增强对监测过程的质控,增加重点噪声源监测,以期更全面地反映城市声环境质量状况。