坡度图在滑坡研究中的应用

本文阐述了坡度图的概念和作用;详细介绍了坡度尺、坡度图的作法、以及坡度图在兰州地区的应用结果;简要分析了斜坡坡度与滑坡的关系。     

基于自然资源本底的国土空间规划现状一张图构建及应用——以青岛市为例

国土空间规划体系构建工作已经全面展开,清晰详实的现状图和数据是摸清自然资源家底的重要基础,也是编制国土空间规划的重要支撑。而当前国土空间现状数据的用地分类标准、数据精度和应用目标等尚不统一。基于遥感影像、地理国情和互联网POI等多源数据进行国土空间现状一张图研究,综合现有用地分类标准和数据精度,构建青岛市国土空间规划现状一张图。在此基础上,探讨国土空间规划一张图应用方向,包括青岛市“三生空间”和资源环境研判分析,以及城镇建设适宜性、生态服务功能重要性和农业生产适宜性分析等内容。国土空间规划现状一张图的构建,对于明确资源利用上限与环境质量底线,规范国土空间规划数据,以及支撑国土空间规划编制和管理具有重要作用。     

金属材料腐蚀疲劳研究进展

首先归纳了金属材料的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生机理和扩展机制,从材料自身因素、外界力学因素和环境因素三方面分析了腐蚀疲劳影响因素,简要介绍了环境腐蚀-疲劳载荷交互试验和环境腐蚀-疲劳载荷协同试验研究现状及重要性,并展望了金属材料腐蚀疲劳今后研究的重要方向,为金属材料腐蚀疲劳的试验开展、机理探索和工程应用奠定基础。     

Protection of Mammal Diversity in Central America

Abstract:  Central America is exceptionally rich in biodiversity, but varies widely in the attention its countries devote to conservation. Protected areas, widely considered the cornerstone of conservation, were not always created with the intent of conserving that biodiversity. We assessed how well the protected-area system of Central America includes the region's mammal diversity. This first required a refinement of existing range maps to reduce their extensive errors of commission (i.e., predicted presences in places where species do not occur). For this refinement, we used the ecological limits of each species to identify and remove unsuitable areas from the range. We then compared these maps with the locations of protected areas to measure the habitat protected for each of the region's 250 endemic mammals. The species most vulnerable to extinction—those with small ranges—were largely outside protected areas. Nevertheless, the most strictly protected areas tended toward areas with many small-ranged species. To improve the protection coverage of mammal diversity in the region, we identified a set of priority sites that would best complement the existing protected areas. Protecting these new sites would require a relatively small increase in the total area protected, but could greatly enhance mammal conservation.     

烟气羽流时空混沌行为的耦合映象格子模型研究

为研究烟气羽流的时空混沌行为,本文从烟气羽流的N-S动量方程出发,根据浮力羽流的半经验公式,对方程中相应的项进行替代、化简,然后无量纲化,得到了以烟气羽流的动量通量m为系统状态矢量的单向耦合映象格子模型.计算了不同参数变化时,耦合周期窗口的时空行为发展,并且进行了李雅普诺夫指数λ计算.分析表明,开放系统中的烟气羽流会出现形态的多重性,包括时空混沌行为.这是由于烟气羽流系统内各种非线性作用的相互影响,也就是方程粘性项、浮力项和惯性项作用强弱对比的变化,以及系统行为发展的不可逆性所导致.     

美国减灾的应急及社会联动机制研究——以卡特里娜飓风为例

卡特里娜飓风是美国历史上最严重的一次自然灾害.本文从法律依据和国家灾难恢复和反应框架入手分析美国政府、社会各方对卡特里娜飓风灾害的应急反应和灾难恢复体系,从社会参与角度探讨美国的灾难联动参与反应机制,从新奥尔良市Broadmoor社区的恢复重建过程剖析美国的自下而上的社区主导型恢复重建体制,美国特色的防灾减灾社会联动机制能对加强和完善我国应急反应体系,对建设符合我国国情的减灾救灾社会参与机制提供启示与借鉴.     

基于模糊评价的VDT系统搜索策略绩效形成机理研究

为优化视觉显示终端（VDT）结构性搜索界面的布局,提高作业绩效和安全,设计了VDT系统搜索实验,构建了搜索目标位置在4个主观偏好指标下的Pythagorean模糊集决策矩阵,运用交互式多准则决策（TODIM）法计算各目标位置偏好的总体优势度并排序;同时对VDT系统搜索实验中各目标位置的绩效进行方差分析并排序,分析系统搜索策略下作业者对目标位置的主观偏好与绩效之间的关系。研究结果表明:基于系统搜索策略的VDT作业绩效在不同目标位置差异显著;导致绩效差异的根本原因是作业者对搜索目标位置的主观偏好度,而不是搜索目标的位置属性;除中心区域外,偏好度高的区域搜索绩效要优于偏好度低的区域。     

Quantifying inconsistencies in old cadastral maps and their impact on land-use reconstructions

ABSTRACT

Old cadastral maps represent a historical reference dataset for long-term land-use reconstructions. This study presents identification of inconsistencies in the nineteenth century Franziscean cadastre, one of the largest sets of old cadastral maps worldwide, by comparing three versions of the maps and written documents created in the same period. We identified all parcels and their land-use in the four sub-sources in six study areas. The overall share of inconsistencies among 5 771 identified parcels is 7.4%, with the biggest share of inconsistency in agroforestry and forestry classes. The most frequent inconsistencies are of ‘Not differentiable land use’ (n = 212) and ‘Different land-use’ categories across the sub-sources (n = 113). We conclude that the frequency of uncertainties in old cadastral maps may limit the validity of historical land-use reconstructions, affecting the eventual restoration and management efforts based on such data. We provide a summary for the use of Franziscean cadastre.     

Teaching infant car seat installation via interactive visual presence: An experimental trial

Objective: A large portion of child restraint systems (car seats) are installed incorrectly, especially when first-time parents install infant car seats. Expert instruction greatly improves the accuracy of car seat installation but is labor intensive and difficult to obtain for many parents. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of 3 ways of communicating instructions for proper car seat installation: phone conversation; HelpLightning, a mobile application (app) that offers virtual interactive presence permitting both verbal and interactive (telestration) visual communication; and the manufacturer's user manual.

Methods: A sample of 39 young adults of child-bearing age who had no previous experience installing car seats were recruited and randomly assigned to install an infant car seat using guidance from one of those 3 communication sources.

Results: Both the phone and interactive app were more effective means to facilitate accurate car seat installation compared to the user manual. There was a trend for the app to offer superior communication compared to the phone, but that difference was not significant in most assessments. The phone and app groups also installed the car seat more efficiently and perceived the communication to be more effective and their installation to be more accurate than those in the user manual group.

Conclusions: Interactive communication may help parents install car seats more accurately than using the manufacturer's manual alone. This was an initial study with a modestly sized sample; if results are replicated in future research, there may be reason to consider centralized “call centers” that provide verbal and/or interactive visual instruction from remote locations to parents installing car seats, paralleling the model of centralized Poison Control centers in the United States.     

滇黔桂地区土壤有机碳储量与影响因素研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)库在陆地生态系统中具有重要作用.由于土壤剖面数量和采用的土壤图比例尺等的限制,目前土壤有机碳库估箅尚存在很大不确定性.为了提高SOC库估算的精确性,利用798个土壤剖面及1:50万土壤图估算了滇黔桂地区(云南省、贵州省和广西壮族自治区)的SOC储量,并采用逐步回归分析和通径分析方法分析了影响SOC密度的主要因子.结果表明,滇黔桂地区表土层(0-20 cm)和土壤剖面(0-100 cm)的SOC储量分别为4.39 Pg和10.91 Pg;SOC密度分别为56.2Mg·hm-2和139.8 Mg·hm-2.高于全国平均水平.环境因子(海拔、经度、纬度、气温和降雨)、成土母质和土地利用方式对表土层和土壤剖面SOC密度变异性的解释度分别为37.9%和30.7%;环境因子为影响SOC密度的主要因子.环境因子中.气温对SOC密度的影响大干降雨,其中气温和降雨的变化分别主要由海拔和纬度的变化引起的.除气温和降雨外,还有其它随海拔或经纬度而变化的因子也对SOC密度产生显著影响,这种影响要大于降雨的影响.