经济快速发展地区生态环境竞争力的评价方法——以安徽沿江地区为例

传统的区域竞争力评价主要是侧重于经济指标,对生态环境要素涉及较少,在经济快速发展地区,生态环境已成为保证区域发展的重要基础条件。以安徽沿江地区为例,提出了生态环境竞争力的概念。以县(市、区)为评价基本单元,从生态环境压力、生态环境现状、经济发展需求和主动协调能力4个方面,设计了区域生态竞争力的评价指标体系,将各单元的生态环境竞争力水平分为5个等级：水平较高的地区主要位于南部、西部山地和合肥市区,竞争力水平较低的地区主要分布在和县-无为平原传统农业区和马鞍山、铜陵重工业区。生态环境竞争力不仅与自然生态系统的本底质量有关,也与区域经济技术水平、生态环境建设的投入水平、管理水平有关。最后对各区生态环境存在问题和提升优化途径进行了讨论。     

Quantitative analysis of CO2 embodiment in international trade: An overview of emerging literatures

The increasing volume of CO₂ embodiment in international trade adds a layer of complexity to environmental policies and has raised arguments on the traditional production based responsibility for CO₂ emissions. In order to help understand the quantity of CO₂ embodiment in trade and its policy implications, this paper gives observations to recently emerging literatures that quantitatively discuss CO₂ embodiment in trade. The analytical approaches share the principle of using input and output modeling but vary dramatically in study boundary and estimation accuracy. The calculations can be roughly categorized into three types: direct quantification of CO₂ embodiments in multiregional trade, direct quantification of CO₂ embodiment in bilateral trade, and indirect analysis by comparing the scenarios with or without trade. The practical estimations strongly rely on trade partner selection and data availability. An obvious imbalance of net CO₂ embodiment in the commodity trade between major developed countries and developing economies as a whole was confirmed by these literatures. Carbon taxes and other possible limitations on CO₂ emissions have been addressed. The consistency across the calculations could be enhanced by systematic analyses in more detail to convince the international community to take binding commitments for the reduction of global CO₂ emissions.     

政府灾害应急管理体系的国际比较研究

2008年的南方雪灾和汶川大地震凸显出我国灾害应急管理体系的严重缺陷.本文旨在比较研究美日等几个先进国家灾害应急管理系统,以期为我国灾害应急管理体系的完善提供有益的借鉴.总的来说,我国灾害处理者对灾害管理的科学认识还不够,灾害法律法规体系和组织机构也不完善,救灾体系中存在着大量的非救灾人员和非专业救灾设备.针对以上问题,本文认为我国应尽快完善救灾应急管理系统的法律法规,促进我国救灾组织机构和以及设立培训机构以培养优秀的专业救灾队伍.     

郑州新郑国际机场本地化排放因子与排放清单

基于郑州新郑国际机场的飞行数据和国际民航组织发动机排放数据库,获得2019年飞机实际飞行时间,测算了全年所有机型飞机 主发动机的污染物排放因子,建立了包括飞机及地面特种车辆在内的机场精细化大气污染物排放清单.结果表明,新郑国际机场飞机运行时间对典型机型耗油量影响明显,月际变化趋势一致.典型机型的本地化污染物排放因子的差异,与各飞行阶段的耗油量和单位燃油污染排放量密切相关,其中,波音B738机型运行占比最大且排放因子较高.2019年新郑国际机场NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM的总排放量分别为1207.7、921.2、123.7、268.3和36.2 t,主要来自飞机主发动机排放.研究期内,各类污染物排放均在11：00达到峰值.飞行阶段中,NO_x排放主要来自飞机在 起飞降落循环中的爬升阶段,占比达45.6%;CO和HC在地面滑行阶段的排放占比远高于其他运行阶段,分别占95.4%和93.9%;SO₂和PM在不同工作模式下的排放占比较为接近.各机型中,波音B738和空客A320两种机型在5类污染物排放量中贡献最大,波音B737机型排放CO较高.     

基于 SEEA 的自然资源资产核算指标的国际比较

本文从实物型、价值型自然资源资产账户及自然资源资产流量账户三方面对参照环境经济综合核算体系(SEEA)开展自然资源和环境经济核算的海外典型国家的核算指标进行比较分析,为编制我国自然资源资产核算框架提供参考借鉴。从五个典型国家的实践上看,各国的自然资源资产核算体系趋向与国民经济核算相对接;核算资源类别注重资源对社会经济的贡献度、资源数据可获得性以及资源核算的难易程度;核算账户及指标设置突出统计的实现,缺乏核算分析。基于此,本文提出,我国在开展自然资源资产核算时可借鉴国民经济核算的做法及已出台的各类资源分类标准,编制分类与综合资源核算账户、全国与地区专项资源核算账户;突出设置资源变化类指标,注重核算资源的流;探索编制自然资源资产生态账户,考虑实现资源核算指标与负债表指标的衔接,为自然资源资产负债表编制提供信息。     

化学氧呼吸器的现状与发展趋势

随着人类社会的发展进步,对生产安全和应急救生用呼吸器的需求越来越旺盛,化学氧呼吸器已经成为重要的研究方向。介绍了化学氧呼吸器的工作原理和发展历程以及技术现状,分析比较了化学氧呼吸器的优缺点。在此基础上指出,优化产氧装置、开发高效冷却技术、降低整体体积和重量、制定技术标准和开发检测技术是化学氧呼吸器研究开发重要而又迫切的任务。     

国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响和权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中农、林、牧、渔业分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算我国农、林、牧、渔业的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国农、林、牧、渔业现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中农、林、牧、渔业的修改和调整提供建议。     

经济全球化对我国工业污染的影响

本文从定性描述和定量描述的角度，就外商投资和国际贸易对我国工业污染的影响进行分析。通过研究发现，从总体上看。外商投资和国际贸易对我国环境污染的影响不大，且有逐渐减缓的趋势。但就具体产业而言，外商投资确有转移污染的倾向，而且环境影响具有长期性和不确定性，所以，对外资和外贸必须进行严格的环境管理，以确保我国经济的持续、稳定发展。     

Remedies for loss and damage caused by climate change from the dimension of climate justice

Adverse consequences to the ecological system and human health caused by impacts potentially attributable to climate change have already drawn great and widespread concern of many scientists and international organizations. However, we still have a hard time determining exactly the impact of climate change on the environment or the damage that climate change inflicts on countries comprising small islands or low-lying lands in light of today’s science and technology. The progress for dealing with the issue of loss and damage has been struggling for a long time from the beginning to the present. In this paper, the author begins by summarizing talks on the concept and the positions of commentators. The author is proposing that the development of future climate negotiations and rule-making process be based on global climate justice as a standard for measuring value. Also, the author proposes that a holistic view of climate justice be established. Generally, three aspects of climate justice can be derived. First, the dimension of human rights protection shows that protection of fundamental human rights is a logical precondition if small-island and low-lying countries are able to achieve climate justice. Second, the definite and traditional concepts of distributive justice and corrective justice hold the view that the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities should be upheld as a basic standard of allocating rights and duties associated with climate change. Third, climate justice requires that any state follow the “no-harm principle,” which is regarded as an international customary rule. According to the principle, the obligation of states to prevent the use of their territory for causing trans-boundary harm to the environment shall be a violation of state responsibility, which incurs international punishment. Then we put forward three remedial approaches in light of climate justice, including the approach of State Responsibility (SR) based on the principles and rules of international human rights law and international environmental law. Based on clear rules, the judge can determine whether the damaging behavior or the damage perpetrated by a state party constitutes a state responsibility. The International Environmental Regulation (IEB), which means solving the problems within the framework established by the Conventions on Climate Change, takes advantage of the market mechanisms and incentives such as fund and insurance support system to relieve or compensate the loss and damage. International Environmental Dispute Settlement Mechanism (IEDSM), which includes the means such as consultations, negotiations, nonmandatory ways and international arbitration, international judicial ways to solve these disputes, functions as a procedural safeguard. As an active promoter of global climate governance, China should no doubt stand by the principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR) and take it as a basis for negotiations, actively strengthen the work of South-South cooperation, fulfill her international climate commitments without reservation, vigorously develop a low-carbon economy, and actively promote international negotiations on the subject of loss and damage.     

环境规制是否抑制了国际R&D溢出效应——以长江经济带为例

环境规制与技术进步转变方向的非一致性近年来受到较多关注,但学者们普遍忽视了开放经济条件下二者的关系。本文以1999~2013年长江经济带11个省市为研究样本,实证检验了环境规制对国际RD溢出效应的影响效果。研究表明:(1)环境规制强度和国际RD溢出水平呈现U型关系,即在长江经济带各省市,初始比较弱的环境规制强度抑制了国际技术溢出,但是随着环境规制强度的增加,国际RD溢出水平不断上升;(2)采用不同的环境规制方式会影响国际RD溢出和环境规制的U型关系,改变环境规制水平的拐点;(3)目前长江经济带各省市环境规制水平比较低,大多处于U型左侧。最后本文依据上述结论提出了相应的政策建议。