Corporate Ethics in the Era of Globalization: The Promise and Peril of International Environmental Standards

The growing assumption thattransnational corporations (TNCs) will apply``best practice' and ``international standards'in their operations in developing countries hasseldom been checked against close observationof corporate behavior. In this article, Ipresent a case study, based on field research,of one voluntary initiative to useinternational standards and best practice forenvironmental protection in the AmazonRainforest, by a US-based oil company,Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) in Ecuador. The moststriking finding is that the company refuses todisclose the precise standards that apply toits operations. This, and the refusal todisclose other important environmentalinformation, make it impossible to verifyindependently Oxy's claims of environmentalexcellence, or assess the effectiveness of theinitiative. At the same time, Oxy uses theinvocation of international standards to wrapitself in a veneer of corporate responsibility;reassure government officials and localresidents; cultivate confusion about standardsand practices that apply to the operations;deflect meaningful oversight and transparency;and arbitrarily legitimize norms that have beendefined by special interests. In short,international standards offer great promise forneeded environmental improvements; but can alsobe used to impede, rather than advance,corporate responsibility and the development ofeffective environmental law at the nationallevel. These findings suggest that for theapplication of international standards to bemeaningful, the international community needsto move beyond statements of principle anddevelop mechanisms that can be used toevaluate, verify, and monitor independentlyenvironmental claims by TNCs.     

中国工业产品国际贸易的污染足迹分析

从“污染足迹”的概念出发,利用官方统计数据和投入产出分析方法,分析了中国各工业部门的污染状况,核算了1994～2001年间中国工业产品国际贸易的污染成本和收益.结果表明,中国工业产品出口的污染密度要小于进口的污染密度;1999～2001年中国虽然存在工业产品贸易顺差,实际上却向国外转移了污染足迹;化学工业的净进口帮助中国转移了最多的污染足迹,污染足迹的流入主要来自纺织业和机械工业的净出口.     

西部地级城市竞争力评价与“十四五”国家级新区布局

我国正处于全面建设社会主义现代化强国的关键时期,同时世界正面临百年未有之大变局,这对我国广大西部地区与全国同步实现现代化提出了严峻挑战。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》、关于加快推进绿色低碳循环发展经济体系、“一带一路”倡议等国家战略的实施给西部地区发展带来了新的机遇。从国家发展战略、经济水平、社会发展、区位条件、资源环境、科技创新和改革开放等七个方面对西部88个地级城市竞争力进行综合评估,并在此基础上,结合国家生态功能区划,选择乌昌石新区、呼和浩特新区、北部湾新区、拉萨新区、西宁新区、银石新区六个最具发展潜力和竞争力的区域作为西部未来拟建新区,提出国家新区建设布局向西部倾斜,以政策红利促进西部新区和新兴增长极建设,以创新催生新业态新经济发展,大力培育绿色低碳循环经济体系等政策建议,为“十四五”西部国家级新区布局和区域新兴增长极培育,加快西部大开发,优化国家宏观区域发展格局提供科学依据。     

用celB基因检测慢生花生根瘤菌竞争性的可行性

采用大肠杆菌和根瘤菌接合的方法，将celB标记基因分别导入了两株慢生型花生根瘤菌Spr3-5和Spr4-5中，对出发菌株和标记菌株的代时测定结果表明，二者之间没有显著差异．在标记菌株与出发菌株等量接种的前提下，比较了二者的竞争结瘤能力；结果显示，标记菌株形成的根瘤（蓝瘤）的占瘤率与50％相比，差异不显著，为了研究标记菌株与出发菌株的固氮有效性，测定了标记菌株与出发菌株各自共生植株的干重、全氮和叶绿素含量；结果表明，标记菌株与出发菌株的这3项指标之间没有显著差异．说明利用celB基因研究慢生花生根瘤菌的竞争结瘤能力是可行的，表5参7     

地震科技期刊国际化发展的构想

分析了加入WTO后 ,地震科技期刊国际化发展的迫切性和必要性 ,论述了地震科技期刊国际化发展的 5种构想 :(1)调整和优化地震科技期刊 ;(2 )提高科技论文质量 ;(3)办好英文科技期刊 ;(4 )编委、作者队伍国际化 ;(5 )加快期刊上网 ,使更多的地震期刊进入国际检索系统。     

滇缅国际通道沿线紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)的分布规律及其与环境因子的关系

为探讨道路工程建设与环境因子对紫茎泽兰入侵的生态效应,在滇缅国际通道沿线选取34个样点采集了107个样方,分析了通道沿线紫茎泽兰的分布规律.研究结果表明,①公路所在路段、公路类型、公路建设年限、公路工程用地类型及样点与公路的距离等道路因子显著影响紫茎泽兰的存在度(p＜0.01或P＜0.05),但这些因子不影响紫茎泽兰的丰富度(p＞O.05);工程用地类型及离公路的远近显著影响紫茎泽兰的优势度(p＜0.05).②大理-丽江段紫茎泽兰的存在度明显低于保山-大理、芒市一保山和瑞丽.芒段(p＜0.05),省道沿线紫茎泽兰的存在度明显低于高速公路、国道和乡村公路(P＜0.05);弃土场和高架桥用地的紫茎泽兰存在度和优势度明显高于其它工程用地类型(p＜0.05);紫茎泽兰的优势度随着与公路垂直距离的增加而明显下降(p＜0.05).③紫茎泽兰的分布受经度、纬度的限制,但与海拔高度、坡度、坡向等地形因子无关;土壤有机质、全氮和总磷与紫茎泽兰的存在度呈显著负相关关系(p＜0.01),表明紫茎泽兰容易在贫瘠的土壤环境中生存和扩展.④植被类型与紫茎泽兰的丰富度和优势度存在显著相关关系(p＜0.01).迹地次生灌丛或草地、弃土场荒地等受人类干扰较大的植被或生态系统容易受到紫茎泽兰入侵的影响;灌木盖度与紫茎泽兰的丰富度和优势度存在显著负相关关系,自然灌丛覆盖较好的植物群落能够较好地抑制紫茎泽兰的入侵和扩展.     

Conservation geopolitics

We reviewed recent work concerning the impact of geopolitics on wildlife conservation (and vice versa) and identified future priorities in conservation geopolitics research. Geopolitics is understood as both an analytical focus on geopolitical practices (especially concerning the behavior) of countries with respect to territory and national security and a set of theories developed to explain and predict those behaviors. We developed a typology of core geopolitical practices of relevance to conservation: territorial practices of colonization and the management of migrations and borders, and security practices relating to military, economic, and environmental security. We identified research that considers how these practices affect conservation situations and outcomes, noting the recent emergence of conceptual developments such as “environmental geopolitics” and “geopolitical ecology” that draw on multiple fields within the social sciences to theorize the links between geopolitics and environmental management. We defined a "geopolitical perspective" as a focus on geopolitical practices combined with an explicit engagement with geopolitical theory and identified conservation situations where this perspective could contribute to analytical clarity. We suggest the most pressing questions in conservation research to which the geopolitical perspective might contribute are how political and economic differences between countries affect biodiversity outcomes, how geopolitical practices to address those differences facilitate or frustrate conservation efforts, how national borders and human and wildlife movements can be better managed for the benefit of both, and how the most effective conservation strategies can be best selected to suit existing (and future) geopolitical realities.     

我国环境监测采用国际标准的现状与对策建议

介绍了入世后我国环境监测采用国际标准的要求,分析了我国环境监测采用国际标准的现状与特点,提出加强环境监测采用国际标准和我国环境监测国际标准化工作的对策建议。     

ADAPTING THE LAW OF WATER MANAGEMENT TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND OTHER HYDROPOLITICAL STRESSES1

ABSTRACT: Existing legal regimes for the management of water resources are already stressed by changing technologies and growing populations. There is little reason for doubt that today the planet is undergoing significant and even alarming climate change. In the past such global climatic changes had dramatic effects on water resource availability with disastrous consequences for many human communities. Today's climate changes can be managed without such disastrous consequences for present day communities only if there are major reforms to existing water law regimes at the local, national, and international levels. In particular, at the local and national levels, water resources must be treated as public property rather than as common or private property. At the international level, water must be managed at the drainage basin level rather than according to national boundaries that largely ignore rational water management criteria. At all levels, care must be given to decentralizing decision making and to use economic incentives insofar as possible, without, however, mistaking economic incentives for markets. The public nature of water resources precludes true markets as a significant management tool.     

Multi-level discrepancies with sharing data on protected areas: what we have and what we need for the global village

Protected areas present a global heritage. Assessing conservation achievements in protected areas is of crucial importance with respect to the on-time delivery of international biodiversity conservation targets. However, monitoring data from publicly accessible databases for comparative studies of conservation achievements in the protected areas of the world are very scarce, if not non-existent. At first glance this is surprising because, with regards to protected areas, at least according to well established protected area management guidelines and widely accepted public mandates, a great deal of monitoring work and data gathering is to be conducted. This would imply that data on changes of biodiversity in protected areas could be expected to exist, and the constant progress in information technologies and Web tools engenders hope that some of it might even be available online for the global public. This review article presents the results of an extensive online search and review of existing monitoring data from freely accessible online databases for its use in an assessment of conservation achievements in a larger sample of protected areas. Results show two contrary sides to the status quo of accessible data from the World Wide Web for conservation science: data overkill and data scarcity with poor metadata provision. While ever more research is, in fact, based on open-access online data, such as extrapolations of species ranges used in conservation management and planning, it remains almost impossible to obtain a basic set of information for an assessment of conservation achievements within a larger number of protected areas. This awareness has triggered a detailed discussion about the discrepancies in sharing data at the level of protected areas; mismatching relationships between expected activities in protected areas and the capacity for delivering these requirements are certainly among the main challenges. In addition, the fear of data misuse potentially resulting in harm for nature, careers, and competencies still seems to be a critical barrier strictly controlling the willingness to share data. Various initiatives aimed at tackling technical and cultural obstacles are introduced and discussed to reach the goal of a modern resource management based on adaptive management using digital opportunities of the new millennium for a sustainable global village.