国际机制视角下的东北亚环境合作

摘要由于环境问题与区域地理因素、生态环境系统的紧密关系,从而使当今的环境问题跨越了主权国家的地理边界,渗透到整个区域甚至全球生态系统.环境合作有助于促进环境领域内国际机制的建设和发展,国际机制的功能性能够推动环境合作的不断深化,环境合作与国际机制之间的互动机理推动了环境合作机制的建构.共同利益、依赖路径、机制内容和机制效能是全面评估环境合作机制的四大基础要件.随着近些年来东北亚地区环境问题越来越突出,不断加强和持续深化环境领域合作成为域内各国的当务之急.东北亚环境合作机制是维护东北亚环境合作的重要工具之一,是推动东北亚环境合作发展的重要途径.目前东北亚环境合作不断走向务实,形成了多领域、多层次、多渠道的格局,环境领域的机制化建设逐步明显,但是东北亚环境合作机制建设仍然处于起步阶段,还需要长期有效的建设和完善.大力推进和不断深化东北亚环境合作机制建设,应当以域内各国在环境领域的共同利益为基础,顺畅环境合作方面的依赖路径,进一步完善地区环境合作机制的框架和内容并切实发挥其效能.     

长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力格局及优化路径

从人居环境与城市竞争力的关联性入手,将生态、居住、生产环境纳入一个分析框架。运用AHP与多级模糊综合评价相结合的方法,构建城市人居环境竞争力指标体系,对长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力进行评估并解析了其空间分异特征。此外,依托Arcgis平台,运用空间聚类分析法,基于人居环境竞争力特征进行区域归类,并借助箱型图,对城市人居环境竞争力领域及区域类别特征进行了探索。研究表明:(1)竞争力分布中,浙赣线江西段沿线城市生态、休闲环境竞争力等级最高,京广线沿线城市的居住、公共服务环境竞争力等级最高,居住、公共服务竞争力空间格局具有高度相似性。区域中心及副中心城市在经济发展环境竞争力领域具有显著优势。(2)综合竞争力二级以上等级的城市主要分布于环鄱阳湖地区,包括九江、景德镇、上饶、鹰潭、南昌,以及省会城市武汉、长沙。(3)四类空间的城市人居环境竞争力优劣格局十分清晰。第1类区域围绕省会等区域中心、副中心城市分布,生态环境具有最优竞争力,居住、公共服务、经济发展环境最劣;第2类区域多为区域中心、副中心城市,强势竞争力集中于居住、公共服务、经济发展环境领域,而休闲环境为最劣势;第3类区域多为临山型城市,具有最优异的休闲环境竞争力;第4类区域以老工业城市居多,在生态环境、公共服务环境拥有相对优异的竞争力。最后,以因地制宜、突出特色为出发点,基于格局、类别特征等提出了涵盖现实特征、发展定位、重点措施等内容的长江中游城市群城市人居环境竞争力提升路径选择。其中,第1类区域定位为生态优异的山水园林城市;第2类应以营造城市外部开放空间为重心,推进公共服务设施智慧转型,打造为智慧高效的综合都市;第3类区域建议以良好的休闲环境作为特色人居环境建设的切入点,有序推进对居住、生产、生活空间的综合整治,致力建成休闲舒适的中小田园城市;第4类区域按照老工业基地调整改造规划要求,重塑城市形象,建成安居乐业的可持续发展城市。     

川化股份有限公司循环经济竞争力评估研究

循环经济建设是从根本上缓解资源环境短缺与经济快速发展之间的尖锐矛盾的有效模式。本文对四川省发展循环经济建设成效较显著的试点企业——川化股份有限公司进行基于循环经济的企业竞争力评估。通过建立企业循环经济竞争力评估指标体系,采用数学模糊评估模型,系统分析了企业的基于循环经济的竞争力水平。报告的评估成果显示,经5年的企业循环经济建设,截止2009年,川化股份有限公司基于循环经济的企业竞争力总体处于“强”的水平。     

National identities,international roles,and the legitimation of climate leadership: Germany and Norway compared

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) confers an obligation on developed states to lead in mitigation. This obligation challenges traditional conceptions of the modern state by calling forth a more outward looking state that is able to serve both the national and international communities in the service of global climate protection. Yet, the more skeptical theories of the ecological state suggest that climate leaders will only emerge if they can connect their climate strategy to the traditional state imperatives of economic growth or national security. How the governments of Germany and Norway, both relative climate leaders with ongoing fossil-fuel dependencies, have legitimated their climate policies and diplomacy is examined through a comparative discourse analysis. While both governments rely heavily on discourses of Green growth, they also construct national identities and international role conceptions that serve purposes beyond themselves.     

走出国门：可回收利用废塑料进口企业的最佳选择

近年来,我国的可回收利用废塑料进口企业面临困境,国际贸易企业进口困难,致使使用厂缺乏原料.论述了废塑料回收加工企业前往国外产地办厂的必要性和可行性,分析了我国业内企业走出国门的优势,并对废塑料的收集和加工品种、成本核算、采购目标等方面提出建议.     

Residues levels of organochlorine pesticide in cow's milk from industrial farms in Hidalgo,Mexico

A survey was carried out from 2008 to 2010 to determine the concentrations of 16 organochlorine pesticide residues (OPRs) from Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico. Organochlorine residue determinations were made from milk fat, using chromatographic cleanup and analysis by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. The OPR concentrations found were from below the detection limit (DL) to 0.91 ng g^?1 in 2008, DL to 0.38 ng g^?1 in 2009 and DL to 0.59 ng g^?1 in 2010. In general concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were higher in the wet season (3.37 ng g^?1 and 4.79 ng g^?1) than the dry season (1.92 ng g^?1 and 2.71 ng g^?1) for 2009 and 2010, due to control of pests in the pasture and sheds. According to Codex Alimentarius regulations, individual pesticides did not exceed the permissible limits, which for example were 10 μg kg^?1 for alpha hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and endosulfan I, 20 μg kg^?1 for p,p’-DDT, and 6 μg kg^?1 for dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor. A reduction of organochlorine pesticide concentrations in cow's milk was noted, indicating that the Mexican government has achieved reduction or elimination of some organochlorine pesticides in response to global agreements on persistent organic pollutants.     

Taking risks with the precautionary principle: food (and the environment) for thought at the European Commission

Various parties relate to the precautionary principle with various understandings, claims and hopes. One of the ways to comprehend this multiplicity of meanings is to examine the composition of this problematic norm in the societal and institutional settings where it occurs. In this paper, I address its elaboration on the European Union institutional terrain with the European Commission's Communication on the Precautionary Principle. This effectuation of the precautionary principle embraces a number of issues of transnational or multilevel governance, expertise, legitimacy and sovereignty. The crucial matter that this paper engages in initially is that of risk analysis, the procedural framework that the precautionary principle confronts with its innovative articulations of science and policy-making, but to which I argue that it succumbs in part. Also explored, in turn, are further framings of the precautionary principle: science versus policy, a given policy domain—environment—in relation to others, as well as action versus inaction (whereas I argue that the precautionary principle ought to be about acting and doubting). These are further evaluated in the conclusions, together with the predicament of establishing a common understanding or defining the precautionary principle. I show that, complementary to drivers of divergence, one finds support for a common approach, though there is no radial symmetry in these tangled stakes, and any ‘diffusion’ of the precautionary principle has to be actively carried out for a shared understanding to be more widely shared. In this process, Europe, the European Commission, its Communication, and the precautionary principle are being shaped into diverse compositions of unity in diversity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湄公河污染防治法律机制研究

湄公河作为亚洲重要的国际河流,也是关系到我国发展的重要河流.由于人为和自然原因,湄公河水质不断恶化,对水资源的安全造成威胁.通过对湄公河沿岸各国关于水污染防治进行探讨分析,流域各国在湄公河水资源开发利用方面有着共同遵守的行为准则.基于此,立足湄公河流域水污染防治法律机制的基础上,通过分析该流域水污染的原因,以及湄公河污...     

甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略探析

甲烷的全球变暖潜势是二氧化碳的72倍(20年水平),但其在大气中的寿命短于二氧化碳,可以作为优先减排对象。中国的甲烷排放十分突出,甲烷减排在应对气候变化国家战略中具有重要的基础性地位,然而在政策研究中,甲烷受到的关注程度远低于二氧化碳。本文基于甲烷排放研究的相关进展,首次系统性地论述了中国甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略之间的关系。主要结论是:甲烷排放的有效控制和减缓可以成为中国温室气体减排的重要组成部分,甲烷等温室气体的减排战略要用"系统减排"思路替代传统的"末端减排"思路;甲烷系统减排的策略和实施措施不仅需要重视主要排放部门(如煤炭开采与洗选业,农业)的直接末端减排,更需要突出强调建设活动、城市消费、资本投资和出口贸易等消费端的间接体现减排;在国际气候谈判中通过纳入甲烷排放,可以至少在五个方面丰富和支撑中国的国家立场,如从承诺"单位GDP二氧化碳减排"向承诺"单位GDP温室气体减排"转变。     

多瑙河国际水争端仲裁案对我国国际河流开发的启示

多瑙河水争端仲裁案是国际法庭首例仲裁解决的生态环境案例。在对该案的产生、发展及仲裁结论的分析与总结基础上,结合当今淡水资源日趋紧张,国际河流水资源的合理利用与管理已成为国际社会广泛关注的重要问题的现状,认为该案将对我国未来国际河流水资源的开发利用带来启示：加强对我国境内国际河流水资源的“国际”法制化管理;协调国家与地方、国家间的水资源利用目标,促进国际河流水资源的公平合理利用与保护;认识与了解我国国际河流水资源开发利用中的国际责任与义务;认识国际河流水资源的有限利用权与使用权;国际河流水资源公平合理利用权利受限于流域国家的合作基础;参与制定并实施国际河流区域性开发协定是实现国际河流管理与保护的重要条件等。