Influences of Border Carbon Adjustments on China’s Foreign Trade

Abstract

The EU, the United States and other economies, with the intention to implement unilateral trade measures Border Carbon Adjustments, impose emission reduction pressure on developing countries. Once implemented, the measures will have great impact on China’s foreign trade. Using the input-output table in 2007, this paper had analyzed the influences on China’s foreign trade as a whole and sub-sectors in three tax rates scenarios. The results showed that the tariff level of China’s exports will increase by 3.6%–6.3% if the tax was levied on exports embodied emissions, and by 1.0%–1.7% if levied on export direct emissions. In 2007, the former total amount of carbon tax was about US$42.6–73.0 billion, 4 times that of the latter. Based on export embodied emissions, sectors largely influenced were non-traditional energy intensive ones, such as textile, et al. These sectors should be encouraged to carry out industrial upgrading, raising the value-added of export goods, and reducing their embodied emissions by reduction of energy intensity. Taking into account of the complexity of data collection, the tax levied on products direct emission is more operational. The results showed that the five top sectors most affected were other chemical materials, processing of petroleum and nuclear fuel, coking, smelting and rolling of ferrous metal and textile. Most of them were energy intensive sectors. Therefore, adjusting export products structure, and controlling too fast development of energy intensive industries are also important strategies in China.     

试从地理学视角探讨区域综合竞争力的指标体系

区域综合竞争力是当今各国政府与学术界普遍关注的发展问题之一，它源于20世纪70年代西方发达资本主义对国家竞争力的研究，并盛行于欧美发达国家。直至今天，发展中国家纷纷参与到全球竞争力的评价体系中来。大多数学者基于经济学和管理学角度对其作了深入的研究。受学科限制和全球经济一体化的影响，从经济学角度研究竞争力，一般较少考虑地区资源、环境等区域发展的承载基础，忽略了地理要素是构成区域综合竞争力的重要部分，并对竞争力发挥持续作用。从地理学视角，探讨地理环境要素对综合竞争力形成与发展的影响作用，在此基础上构建评价指标体系，认为区域综合竞争力是由区域资源禀赋、区域整体实力、区域发展潜力和区域创新环境4个部分支撑，48个具体指标构成。该指标体系的构建是为了能给地区经济社会的发展、国际竞争力的提高提供新的思路。     

Effects of Land Use on Threatened Species

Abstract:  There is widespread agreement that biodiversity loss must be reduced, yet to alleviate threats to plant and animal species, the forces driving these losses need to be better understood. We searched for explanatory variables for threatened-species data at the country level through land-use information instead of previously used socioeconomic and demographic variables. To explain the number of threatened species in one country, we used information on land-use patterns in all neighboring countries and on the extent of the country's sea border. We carried out multiple regressions of the numbers of threatened species as a function of land-use patterns, and we tested various specifications of this function, including spatial autocorrelation. Most cross-border land-use patterns had a significant influence on the number of threatened species, and land-use patterns explained the number of threatened species better than less proximate socioeconomic variables. More specifically, our overall results showed a highly adverse influence of plantations and permanent cropland, a weaker negative influence of permanent pasture, and, for the most part, a beneficial influence of nonarable lands and natural forest. Surprisingly, built-up land also showed a conserving influence on threatened species. The adverse influences extended to distances between about 250 km (plants) and 2000 km (birds and mammals) away from where the species threat was recorded, depending on the species. Our results highlight that legislation affecting biodiversity should look beyond national boundaries.     

Public–Private Governance Patterns and Environmental Sustainability

This paper discusses public–private governance patterns which have emerged in global environmental management. These patterns originate from a spontaneous non-governmental basis or have intentionally been created and constructed by international organisations or states. The paper identifies four patterns of environmental governance between international organisations, governments and private actors. Theoretically governance patterns in which private actors play a prominent role, pose a challenge to state sovereignty and remould the traditional state centric pattern of environmental management. However, the article emphasises the fact that these patterns remain no more than constructs of international organisations, non-governmental organisations and governments, whose first priorities are not always environmental conservation. The paper suggests that the oldest public–private type of environmental governance, in which the environmental organisations are in advocacy roles, reform environmental management in a more concrete and sustainable way than the more recently emerging patterns.     

同位素稀释质谱法测定IMEP-6水样品中的痕量镉和铅

采用国际公认的具有绝对测量性质的同位素稀释质谱法（ＩＤＭＳ）为国际测量评估计划（ＩＭＥＰ－６）所用比对样品定值，准确测定了该样品中痕量镉和铅，提供的测定值与事后组织者公布的标准值附和较好。     

可再生能源发电配额制政策(RPS)研究

本文首先解释了可再生能源发电配额制政策的基本含义。然后 ,通过比较英国、美国、荷兰、丹麦和澳大利亚五国的可再生能源发电配额制政策 ,总结了实施RPS的国际经验 ,包括成功的经验和失败的教训 ,提出了以及对中国实施RPS的政策建议     

国际化学品安全卡(中文版)网络数据库查询系统的设计与实现

概述了国际化学品安全卡（中文版）网络查询系统的建设、主要内容及其查询方法。重点介绍了系统的设计思想，采用ASP编程技术实现了该查询系统的设计和运行。     

核心竞争力与区域经济可持续发展

本文将C．K Prahalad和G．Hamel的核心竞争能力理论引入到区域经济领域，并以珠江和长江三角洲的经济发展和竞争状况为例，阐述核心竞争力在区域经济可持续发展中的作用和意叉。文章认为如果区域要在激烈的市场竞争中获取竞争优势，就必须识别和培育自己的核心竞争能力，具有核心竞争能力的区域，才可能具备持续的竞争优势，才能在动态过程中不断地为区域提供竞争能力，区域经济的发展才能保持其可持续性。文章最后提出了构建和培育区域核心竞争能力的有效途径。     

我国区域矿产资源竞争力评价及与区域经济相关性研究

矿产资源对一国的国民经济发展具有重要的战略意义。论文在分析已有文献资料的基础上,结合数据可获得性原则构建我国区域矿产资源竞争力评价指标体系,并详细阐述各指标的计量方法。然后,运用多指标输入/输出复杂系统的相对有效性评价方法———数据包络分析(DEA)法,并收集2000—2009年数据对我国区域(东部、中部和西部)矿产资源竞争力进行评估,揭示其变化规律。最后,用我国区域2000—2009年的"矿产资源竞争力"和"人均GDP增长率"分别代表其矿产资源的丰裕程度和经济发展水平,结合协整检验和Granger因果分析法验证矿产的"资源诅咒"假说在我国区域间是否成立。研究结果显示:①随着时间的推移以及我国市场经济的发展,区域矿产资源竞争力在不断地提升。另外,我国三大区域的矿产资源竞争力与其所拥有的矿产资源储量成反比;②区域矿产资源竞争力与其经济发展水平呈长期稳定的均衡、双向因果关系,得出矿产的"资源诅咒"假说不成立的结论。上述研究成果对于我国如何提升矿产资源竞争力及利用矿产资源发展区域经济具有极其重要的指导意义。     

论国际救灾法中的效率原则

在国际救灾过程中,抢救和保护生命、健康、财产、环境的紧迫需要使救援效率成为国际救灾中的首要追求。这一要求必须在救灾法中得到体现。效率原则就是要求重大灾害发生后,国际社会应当以最快的速度提供国际援助,而受灾国则应当尽快地作出救灾响应,在国际救灾人员的签证、工作许可,资金、物资、设备等的建立账户、通关、运输、储存、分发、等...