中国国内救援队和国际地震灾害救援行动的简介与展望

本文介绍了国内地震灾害紧急救援队、国内其他救援队伍和国际地震灾害救援行动简要情况，并对国内、外救援的发展趋势作了展望。     

IUCN保护区分类系统与中国自然保护区分类标准的比较

通过对世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)和我国分类系统的比较,提出应该根据我国生物多样性、自然及其相关文化资源保护和维持的现状及特点,参照IUCN保护区分类系统,尽快制定出我国新的保护区分类系统。新分类系统应该以保护区主要管理目标为基本依据,同时综合考虑保护对象的特点及人类干扰程度来确定保护区类型,从而促进保护区的规范管理和进一步发展,实现自然保护与可持续发展的双重目标。     

Compensation for “Meaningful Participation” in Climate Change Control: A Modest Proposal and Empirical Analysis

The debate over an international climate change regime has thus far focused primarily on efficiency concerns in developed countries. This paper suggests a means by which equity concerns may be addressed in the ongoing negotiations. A system of transfers is developed that is motivated by the difference between the damage caused by a country and the damage suffered by that country as a result of climate change. Illustrative calculations of the magnitude and direction of these transfers are made. We find that in general transfers flow from temperate to tropical countries but that the degree of uncertainty associated with these calculations is very large.     

Advantages and disadvantages of the use of irradiation for food preservation

Food irradiation is a physical method of processing food (e.g. freezing, canning). It has been thoroughly researched over the last four decades and is recognized as a safe and wholesome method. It has the potential both of disinfesting dried food to reduce storage losses and disinfesting fruits and vegetables to meet quarantine requirements for export trade. Low doses of irradiation inhibit spoilage losses due to sprouting of root and tuber crops. Food- borne diseases due to contamination by pathogenic microorganisms and parasites of meat, poultry, fish, fishery products and spices are on the increase. Irradiation of these solid foods can decontaminate them of pathogenic organisms and thus provide safe food to the consumer. Irradiation can successfully replace the fumigation treatment of cocoa beans and coffee beans and disinfest dried fish, dates, dried fruits, etc. One of the most important advantages of food irradiation processing is that it is a coldprocess which does not significantly alter physico-chemical characters of the treated product. It can be applied to food after its final packaging. Similar to other physical processes of food processing, (e.g. canning, freezing), irradiation is a capital intensive process. Thus, adequate product volume must be made available in order to maximize the use of the facility and minimize the unit cost of treatment. Lack of harmonization of regulations among the countries which have approved irradiated foods hampers the introduction of this technique for international trade. Action at the international level has to be taken in order to remedy this situation. One of the important limitations of food irradiation processing is its slow acceptance by consumers, due inter alia to a perceived association with radioactivity. The food industry tends to be reluctant to use the technology in view of uncertainties regarding consumer acceptance of treated foods. Several market testing and consumer acceptance studies have been carried out on food irradiation in recent years. These studies showed that, if the safety and the benefits of food irradiation were properly explained, the consumers were willing to accept irradiated foods. Considering its potential role in the reduction of post-harvest losses, providing safe supply of food and overcoming quarantine barriers, food irradiation has received wider government approvals during the last decade. There is also a trend towards increased commercialization of irradiated food. Currently, there are 47 irradiation facilities in some 23 countries being used for treating foods for commercial purposes.     

INTERNATIONAL TRADE,ECO-LABELLING,AND SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES – RECENT ISSUES,CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES

Certification of where, when and how fish are caught is emerging as an important fisheries management tool. The history of eco-labelling in the fisheries sector is relatively short and actual experiences of eco-labelling are limited, although an emerging trend is shaping in European and US markets. Eco-labelling in fisheries gained increased impetus with the development of the non-government Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) in 1996. This paper reviews the emerging importance of certification and eco-labelling in the fisheries sector, the development and operation of the MSC, identifying particularly the role of ‘third party certification’ as promoted by the MSC, and notes the opportunities and challenges for the MSC and eco-labelling in general.     

2004安全科学与技术国际会议综述

综述了2004年10月25-28日在上海召开的安全科学与技术国际会议的情况.介绍了该会议的办会目的、会议历史、会议的意义和其影响.与前3届会议(1998年北京、2000年北京和2002年山东泰安)作了比较.来自14个国家和地区的238名代表出席了该会议,8名专家作了大会报告,74名代表就会议主题的各个方面作了分组报告和讨论.会前出版的论文集收录了549篇论文,已经全部被EI、ISTP和CA收录.该会议在国内外产生了积极的影响.     

Partners under pressure: humanitarian action for the Syria crisis

Partnerships between organisations in humanitarian crisis situations generally are challenging, but at the apex are those established as part of remote management in a context of extreme insecurity. To date, little systematic research has been conducted on arrangements between local organisations that have access to crisis‐affected populations and international organisations that hold the purse strings. This paper presents the findings of nine months of qualitative research conducted with five Syrian local organisations and their international partners engaging in humanitarian action across the Turkey–Syria border, and presents insights into the components of successful partnerships. It redefines capacity along organisational and operational lines, and unpacks how monitoring and evaluation and donor requirements create tension and, at times, place local organisations at risk. The paper highlights the centrality of trust in successful partnerships, and describes the personalisation of the conflict by local organisations. Based on a historical case study of civil society in northern Iraq, it closes with some suggestions for long‐term sustainability.     

全球主要国家环境可持续性综合评估——基于碳、水、土地的足迹-边界整合分析

随着地球生态系统的交互性、复杂性与整体性特征日益显现,综合分析和比较各类人为环境影响及其最大安全阈值,对于从整体上判断人类活动的可持续性、揭示承载力的超载程度具有重要意义.基于环境足迹和行星边界两项新概念,运用极差法和目标距离法对全球30 个主要国家的碳、水和土地赤字数据进行了标准化与权重化处理,得到一个复合的国家环境可持续性压力指数,并结合3 项环境赤字的实际分布状况,将所有国家划分为4 类:环境强可持续性(3 国)、环境弱可持续性(8 国)、环境弱不可持续性(9 国)、环境强不可持续性(10 国).总体上,环境可持续性压力呈现南美洲国家低、亚洲和非洲国家居中、欧美发达国家高的地域格局,亚洲是4 类国家并存的唯一大洲.全球的碳、水和土地足迹-边界比分别为3.0、0.6、0.7,表明就全球尺度而言,温室气体排放已处于严重超载状态,水资源消费和土地利用尚处于盈余状态,这与现有文献结果相吻合,从而在一定程度上验证了本研究结论的可靠性.     

中国国际河流可持续利用战略探讨

由于世界性的水资源问题 ,国际河流以其独特的地缘关系及与国际政治、经济的密切联系而受到关注。根据中国边疆地区主要国际河流的基本情况 ,探讨可持续利用的战略性对策。     

中美贸易间隐含的大气污染物排放估算

随着中国能源消耗和国际贸易的快速增长,中国国际贸易尤其是中美贸易对气候变化的影响受到了广泛关注,但国际贸易对于大气污染的影响却鲜见系统研究. 基于环境投入产出法和结构分解分析法,采用基于技术的、自下而上的大气污染物排放清单,探讨了中美贸易隐含的大气污染物排放问题. 结果表明:由于中国对美国出口贸易顺差较大且商品污染物排放强度较高,造成了中国对美国的出口贸易隐含着较大的污染物排放逆差. 2007年中国对美国出口贸易隐含的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5的排放逆差分别为174.26×104、131.15×104和46.88×104t. 有行业针对性的污染物减排措施可以降低中美贸易隐含的污染物排放量;1997—2007年污染物燃烧排放因子和非燃烧直接排放强度的下降就可使出口贸易隐含的SO₂和PM_2.5排放量降低96.41%和226.26%. 占出口份额最高的机械类制造品的SO₂、NO_x和PM_2.5排放强度分别为72.63、58.38和20.74t/108元,低于所有出口商品的污染物排放强度的平均值, 中国应加强这种高附加值、低污染物排放的商品出口.