关于国际河流生态环境安全的思考

生态环境安全是当今国际社会关注的热点,而国际河流流域的水资源保护与生态环境安全又是这一热点中的敏感点.本文结合中国与有关国家的国际河流的实际,分析了国际河流流域水资源保护与生态环境安全的有关问题、产生的原因与后果及其相互关系,指出维护生态环境安全存在的特殊问题,并提出了对策与建议.     

试论共同但有区别责任原则在实践中的发展与完善

共同但有区别原则作为国际环境法的基本原则之一规定在《京都议定书》、《联合国气候变化框架公约》等重要的国际条约中。但在实践中各国是否坚持及如何坚持“共同但有区别责任原则”面临前所未有的挑战。共同但有区别责任原则作为国际环境法所公认的一项基本原则,在实践中责任分担方面却面临很多难题,导致该原则不能真正的落实与实施。本文在分析共同但有区别责任原则基础理论的基础上,根据实践中存在的问题提出几点完善意见,以期能够推动该原则的发展。     

The Need to Disentangle Key Concepts from Ecosystem‐Approach Jargon

The ecosystem approach—as endorsed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) in 2000—is a strategy for holistic, sustainable, and equitable natural resource management, to be implemented via the 12 Malawi Principles. These principles describe the need to manage nature in terms of dynamic ecosystems, while fully engaging with local peoples. It is an ambitious concept. Today, the term is common throughout the research and policy literature on environmental management. However, multiple meanings have been attached to the term, resulting in confusion. We reviewed references to the ecosystem approach from 1957 to 2012 and identified 3 primary uses: as an alternative to ecosystem management or ecosystem‐based management; in reference to an integrated and equitable approach to resource management as per the CBD; and as a term signifying a focus on understanding and valuing ecosystem services. Although uses of this term and its variants may overlap in meaning, typically, they do not entirely reflect the ethos of the ecosystem approach as defined by the CBD. For example, there is presently an increasing emphasis on ecosystem services, but focusing on these alone does not promote decentralization of management or use of all forms of knowledge, both of which are integral to the CBD's concept. We highlight that the Malawi Principles are at risk of being forgotten. To better understand these principles, more effort to implement them is required. Such efforts should be evaluated, ideally with comparative approaches, before allowing the CBD's concept of holistic and socially engaged management to be abandoned or superseded. It is possible that attempts to implement all 12 principles together will face many challenges, but they may also offer a unique way to promote holistic and equitable governance of natural resources. Therefore, we believe that the CBD's concept of the ecosystem approach demands more attention. La Necesidad de Desenredar Conceptos Clave del Argot Ambiente‐Estrategia     

经济发展中人口城市化与经济增长相关分析比较研究

本文利用OECD国家和世界其他主要国家的人口城市化与经济增长的数据，对人口城市化与经济增长进行了相关分析，以揭示人口城市化与经济增长的关系模式。判断得到我国人口城市化仍处于低增长水平的线性阶段，城市化水平，大大滞后于经济发展水平；大大落后于发达国家同等经济水平时的城市化水平，经济发展与人口城市化的相互促进作用还没有得到充分发挥。为此，文章提出了要加快我国城市化发展，超前于经济的增长是一个理性选择。     

MARPOL 73/78现况及实施问题

综述了近 3年来MARPOL 73/ 78的一系列的修正情况及有关实施问题     

中国双向式自然资源发展战略研究

本项研究系统分析了资源与经济发展的基本关系特点。提出中国持续发展的核心问题是处理资源与发展的关系 ,并认为关键是建立适应市场机制的资源供需体系。总结了中国跨世纪面临的资源四大挑战与存在的五大问题 ,概括了我国资源与发展的若干规律 ,首次提出中国存在资源国际贸易逆差 ,中国国际贸易的顺差是依靠资源国际贸易的逆差、牺牲紧缺资源而换取的。因此 ,中国应该实行双向式自然资源发展战略。并提出了该战略的核心思想及若干政策性建议     

国际标准差异对产品碳足迹核算的影响分析——以胶版印刷纸为例

产品碳足迹以碳标签的形式日益广泛地应用于产品供应链，通过影响企业和消费者行为而有效地促进全球碳减排.然而产品碳足迹核算标准种类繁多，不同标准对产品碳足迹的核算规定存在差异，致使其核算结果难于有效对比.本文以胶版印刷纸为例，对比分析了目前最权威的3个国际标准PAS2050、GHG Protocol和ISO14067，识别了三者对于8点产品碳足迹核算要素的不同规定，定量解析了标准差异对产品碳足迹核算的影响.结果表明，3个标准规定的差异可导致产品碳足迹核算结果产生较大的不确定性，GHG Protocol和ISO14067结果分别比PAS2050高61%和49%，其中，"碳存储、消费者交通、固定资产和延迟排放加权影响"4个方面的差异对案例产品碳足迹影响最为显著.因此，按照产品类别制定统一的核算要求是碳标签交流对比的基本前提，明晰的标准规定是降低核算结果不确定性的必要途径.     

解决压载水微生物入侵性传播研究的国际动态

船舶压载水排放造成了地理性隔离水体间的生物入侵，是有害微生物传播的最主要途径。有害水生生物和病原体通过压载水传播，严重威胁侵入国的经济、环境及人类健康，已引起世界范围的广泛关注，许多国家都已开始着手调查外来生物入侵现状，研究管理措施、治理对策及方法。文中对此作一综述。     

中外清洁生产背景的比较及其对我国的启示

清洁生产是实施可持续发展战略的重要途径。本文从中外比较的角度,分析了国外清洁生产的成功经验和中外实施清洁生产的背景差异,提出了今后我国在实施清洁生产战略时,应重视的几个方面,即完善实施前提,发挥政府与产业部门的作用,加强科学研究与教育培训     

An infinite-horizon model of dynamic membership of international environmental agreements

Much of the literature on international environmental agreements (IEAs) uses static models, although most important transboundary pollution problems involve stock pollutants. The few papers that study IEAs using models of stock pollutants do not allow for the possibility that membership of the IEA may change endogenously over time. In this paper we analyse a simple infinite-horizon version of the static model of self-enforcing IEAs, in which damage costs increase with the stock of pollution, and countries decide each period whether to join an IEA. Using a quadratic approximation of the value function of the representative country we show that there exists a steady-state stock of pollution with corresponding steady-state IEA membership, and that as the stock rises towards steady state the IEA membership falls. Moreover, we find that the greater is the cost of damage, and hence the greater are the potential gains from cooperation, the smaller is the membership of a self-enforcing IEA.