矿井主扇合理匹配安全及经济效益分析

部分矿井由于受到各方面因素影响,实际生产能力不能达到设计生产能力,有些采区安装的主要通风机的通风能力大于采区实际需要风量,即主要通风机匹配的电动机不合理,不但造成经济效益的损失,而且影响矿井的本质安全。本文以嘉禾煤矿浦溪井为例,通过简述矿井主要通风机与电动机匹配的合理改造,分析其运行效果和对矿井安全的影响;并浅述改造后的经济效益。     

Leachate characteristics,dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and properties of two contrasting soils irrigated with sludgewater in columns

Increasing demands on freshwater and challenges in disposal of wastewaters encourage their use for irrigation. The study evaluated the effects of irrigation of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) with sludgewater on leaching, uptake and retention of a range of elements in two contrasting soils in columns. The grass was grown on a sandy loam and a clay soil packed in plastic columns and irrigated for 119 days with either undiluted, diluted sludgewater or tap water. The sludgewater had a pH of 6.9 and high aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B). Analyses were conducted on leachates, above-ground plant biomass (two harvests), and soils at the end of the experiment. Sludgewater treatments increased grass biomass yield and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in both soils with a greater nutrient uptake from the clay than the sandy loam. The application of sludgewater increased Mn and reduced P (sandy loam only) in the leachate with no effects on Al, Fe, or B. Uptake of Al, Fe, and B was increased by sludgewater application. Even when diluted, the sludgewater increased extractable Mn, particularly in the clay soil. The findings showed that irrigation of the soils with sludgewater increased Mn and B concentrations and uptake by signal grass, with no negative effects on biomass production. Leaching and accumulation in the soils of toxic elements were minimal in the short term. Sludgewater can therefore be used to grow signal grass in both soils although these effects need to be evaluated under field conditions.     

Mitigating the effects of climate change on the nests of sea turtles with artificial irrigation

For sea turtles, like many oviparous species, increasing temperatures during development threaten to increase embryonic mortality, alter offspring quality, and potentially create suboptimal primary sex ratios. Various methods are being implemented to mitigate the effects of climate change on reproductive success, but these methods, such as breeding programs, translocations, and shading, are often invasive and expensive. Irrigation is an alternative strategy for cooling nests that, depending on location, can be implemented relatively quickly and cheaply. However, multiple factors, including ambient conditions, nest substrate, and species characteristics, can influence irrigation success. Additionally, irrigation can vary in duration, frequency, and the volume of water applied to nests, which influences the cooling achieved and embryonic survival. Thus, it is critical to understand how to maximize cooling and manage risks before implementing irrigation as a nest-cooling strategy. We reviewed the literature on nest irrigation to examine whether artificial irrigation is feasible as a population management tool. Key factors that affected cooling were the volume of water applied and the frequency of applications. Embryonic responses varied with species, ambient conditions, and the timing of irrigation during development. Nest inundation was the key risk to a successful irrigation regime. Future irrigation regimes must identify clear targets, either primary or adult sex ratios, that maximize population viability. Monitoring population responses and adjusting the irrigation regime in response to population characteristics will be critical. Most studies reported on the manipulation of only one or two variables, further research is required to understand how altering multiple factors in an irrigation regime influences the cooling achieved and embryonic responses.     

基于野外实测光谱的污灌区土壤重金属污染快速监测

利用光谱反射率反演土壤重金属含量相比传统实验室化学分析方法具有简单高效、成本低、非侵入性等优点。但光谱采集主要局限于实验室内,大大降低了监测的时效性。采集了龙口市污水灌溉区内的32个土壤样本,对9种重金属(Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb)进行了测定,并对土壤光谱进行了野外实测,同时对实测光谱进行光谱变换,提取了去除包络线(CR)、光谱倒数对数(lg(1/R))、一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)4种光谱指标,采用偏最小二乘回归方法(PLSR)建模。结果表明,污水灌溉区内存在严重的土壤重金属污染现象,As、Ni、Cd等重金属富集情况显著,与Fe、Mn呈显著相关的6种元素为Ni、Mn、As、Pb、Zn、Cr,相应的最优建模光谱指标分别为一阶微分(RD1)、二阶微分(RD2)、反射率(R)、反射率(R)、二阶微分(RD2)、去除包络线(CR),验证精度r分别为0.935 3、0.781 4、0.699 6、0.745 8、0.690 1、0.569 6。研究表明,利用野外实测光谱可以提高土壤重金属监测的时效性,预估土壤重金属含量具有一定的可行性,但针对不同的重金属应使用不同的光谱指标建模来达到最优效果。     

Greener growing: assessing the influence of gardening practices on the ecological viability of community gardens in South East Queensland,Australia

While claims about the environmental benefits of community gardens abound, few researchers have systematically assessed the ecological integrity of gardening practices. This study investigated gardening practices in 50 community gardens in Brisbane and Gold Coast cities, Australia. The study aimed to better understand how gardening practices might affect the ecological viability of community gardens. Factors investigated included: garden bio-physical characteristics, operators’ motivations, gardeners’ socio-demographic backgrounds, garden facilities and types of plants grown. Two broad types of gardens were identified: permaculture (21 gardens) and non-permaculture (29 gardens). Permaculture gardens used lower-impact gardening practices. Findings have policy implications for environmental planning and management.     

造纸废水灌溉对湿地土壤重金属累积影响及趋势评价

探讨造纸废水灌溉下芦苇湿地土壤重金属累积规律,对有效利用造纸废水,防控湿地重金属污染具有重要意义.本研究以双台河口芦苇湿地土壤为研究对象,分析不同浓度造纸废水(CODCr浓度分别为:300 mg·L-1、175 mg·L-1、50 mg·L-1)灌溉下湿地土壤重金属含量的累积规律,基于重金属残留模型对土壤重金属累积量进行预测和评估.试验结果表明:1废水灌溉使土壤重金属含量显著增加,与废水浓度显著相关,芦苇生长对土壤中As、Ni、Cu含量影响较大而对Pb、Cd含量影响较小.2不同重金属在各土层垂直分布规律存在差异:As、Pb在中间层(20~40 cm)含量最高,Cd、Cu垂直分布较为均衡,Ni主要集中在土壤表层(0~20 cm),中下层(20~60 cm)含量迅速降低.3基于重金属残留模型对土壤重金属累积量进行预测和评估,以300 mg·L-1浓度废水灌溉,重金属都出现不同程度的累积,其中10 a后Cd的累积量超过我国《土壤环境质量标准》一级标准,50 a后Pb的累积量接近一级标准.以175 mg·L-1浓度废水灌溉,各重金属均出现累积,但增长幅度较300 mg·L-1低,50 a后Cd累积量未超过一级标准.以50 mg·L-1废水灌溉时,Pb、Ni、Cu出现土壤轻度积累,50 a后未超过一级标准.     

Rice: Reducing arsenic content by controlling water irrigation

<正>Arsenic has long been recognized as a poison.Arsenic in water supplies that are used for both drinking and crop irrigation can expose many people chronically to elevated levels of arsenic.The main health concern for chronic exposure to arsenic is the development of cancer.Although the World Health Organization(WHO)recommends that total arsenic in drinking water should be under 10μg/L(or 10 ppb),(WHO,2011),some regions     

政府采购环境标志电子产品的环境效益分析

实施政府绿色采购,引导和推动消费和生产向更可持续的方向发展是解决环境问题,实现经济社会全面可持续发展的必然要求.进行绿色采购成本效益分析是政府绿色采购政策可持续推进发展的有力保障.本文在介绍了中国环境标产品政府采购的现状和国外相关政府绿色采购环境效益研究的基础上,针对电子产品展开了相应的环境效益分析,最后对国内广泛开展此项工作的存在的问题和挑战进行了总结.     

What shapes municipalities’ perceptions of fairness in windpower developments?

ABSTRACT

Siting controversies have become familiar in windpower development. Process and outcome fairness in the form of economic benefits to local communities and inclusion in decision-making processes are recognised as important elements in local acceptance of windpower installations. To these, we add the concept of “relative fairness” influencing perceptions of overall fairness. In this article, we examine why Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower, and the role of process, outcome and relative fairness in this decision. Municipalities are central in providing welfare services, and in ensuring a viable local economy and local workplaces. Process fairness is important, as is evident when municipalities have little influence in the detailed planning of the plants. Also, outcome fairness, in the form of economic compensation – particularly through property tax – is decisive for positive attitudes towards windfarms, as municipalities can strengthen their role as welfare providers and boost local economic activities. Less emphasised are the effects on global climate and national climate goals. However, effects on local landscape and nature are also important for municipalities, as became clear when the national government proposed withdrawing the municipalities’ possibilities of levying property taxes. The municipalities argue that it is only fair to receive something in return for hosting windmills, and relative fairness is important to their argument for equal treatment regarding hydro- and wind-power electricity production in the form of a natural resource tax.     

CONSTRAINTS IN WATER MANAGEMENT ON AGRICULTURAL LANDS1

ABSTRACT Whether the goal is minimizing water quality degradation in receiving streams or maximizing agricultural production on existing croplands; the solutions are identical - improved water management practices. Technology has succeeded in developing feasible solutions to improving irrigation water management, but the law has been slow to encourage or direct implementation. The villain of the western United States water problem is the property right concept of the appropriation doctrine. Improving water management also implies organizational improvements. Also, the so-called “human factor” involves questions of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, that when examined under the criteria of efficacy, may dictate a policy of continuing present practices in certain localities or regions with little technological intervention. The present effort for improving water quality management implies, therefore, a manyfold attack aimed at increasing project irrigation efficiency and effectiveness, under the larger rubric of efficacy and the achievement of larger social goals.