层次化健康风险评估方法在苯污染场地的应用及效益评估

以北京某大型苯污染场地为例,详细介绍了如何开展层次化健康风险评估.同时,结合场地污染调查结果,比较了不同层次风险评价确定的土壤苯修复目标、修复量及修复成本的差异.结果表明,在1×10-6可接受致癌风险水平下,该场地第二层次风险评价确定的0～1.5 m深度范围内土壤苯修复目标为0.26 mg·kg-1、1.5～10 m范围内土壤苯修复目标为0.15mg·kg-1,相应的土壤修复量约为292 759 m3,修复成本约2.06亿元.但是,基于该场地苯污染区域土壤气中苯浓度进行的第三层次风险评价确定的0～1.5 m深度范围内土壤苯修复目标为2.6 mg·kg-1、1.5～10 m范围内土壤苯修复目标为1.5mg·kg-1,相应的土壤修复量约为153 222 m3,减少139 537 m3,修复成本为1.49亿元,减少了5 700万元,修复成本的降低远多于因开展第三层次风险评价所付出的约10万元的成本.因此,对于类似大型VOCs污染场地,开采第三层次健康风险评价能够节省大量修复成本、带来巨大的经济效益.     

中水回用与效益分析

当前我国水资源供需矛盾日益加剧,实现中水利用是节约水资源的一条有效途径.通过分析中水水源、MBR处理技术及中水用途,结合一个高校实例,进行经济效益分析,并对建设中水回用系统的可行性进行论证.经计算可得效益费用比达到2.38,经济效益是非常明显的,具有实际的参考价值.中水回用不仅节约了水资源而且也产生了明显的经济效益,是城市发展的趋势.     

生物炭添加和灌溉对温室番茄地土壤反硝化损失的影响

生物炭添加和灌溉是番茄地常用的田间管理措施,然而其对反硝化的影响还不清楚.本研究种植试验设置3个灌溉量水平分别为估算作物生育期需水量ET0的50%(W50%)、75%(W75%)、100%(W100%)和3个生物炭添加水平分别为B0(折合纯碳,0)、B25(折合纯碳,25 t·hm-2)、B50(折合纯碳,50 t·hm-2),在2014年和2015年番茄收获后,每个试验小区采集具有代表性的土样进行室内培养试验,采用乙炔抑制法来研究土壤的反硝化损失和不加乙炔研究N_2O的排放量.结果表明生物炭和灌溉量显著改变了土壤的理化性质.与B0相比,添加生物炭能够提高土壤全碳、全氮含量和pH值,降低铵态氮、硝态氮含量,而灌水量降低了土壤中全氮和全碳的含量.因此,与B0/W50%相比,B25/W75%和B50/W100%处理显著减少了反硝化损失量(P0.05).生物炭和灌溉量的交互作用对土壤无机氮含量和反硝化损失的影响均达到显著水平(P0.05),且对硝态氮的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用,对铵态氮的影响表现为生物炭添加量灌溉量两者交互作用,对反硝化损失的影响表现为灌溉量生物炭添加量两者交互作用.反硝化损失量与土壤中无机氮含量、(CO_2-C)矿化量与N_2O排放量均呈正相关关系.不同生物炭添加量和灌溉量处理后明显影响了N_2O/DN(P0.05),培养结束时,各处理下的N_2O累积排放量/DN累积排放量差异较大,介于0.31%~1.88%.     

Review on water leakage control in distribution networks and the associated environmental benefits

Water supply is the primary element of an urban system. Due to rapid urbanization and water scarcity, maintaining a stable and safe water supply has become a challenge to many cities, whereas a large amount of water is lost from the pipes of distribution systems. Water leakage is not only a waste of water resources, but also incurs great socio-economic costs. This article presents a comprehensive review on the potential water leakage control approaches and specifically discusses the benefits of each to environmental conservation. It is concluded that water leakage could be further reduced by improving leakage detection capability through a combination of predictive modeling and monitoring instruments, optimizing pipe maintenance strategy, and developing an instant pressure regulation system. The environment could benefit from these actions because of water savings and the reduction of energy consumption as well as greenhouse gas emissions.     

淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险等级研究

为了解淠河灌区集中式饮用水源地水质健康风险状况,选取Cr6+、As、Cd、Pb、Mn、Cu、Zn、Fe、F、NH+4-N等10项污染因子作为健康风险指标,运用三角模糊集理论和α-截集技术,确立置信度为0.8,得到各污染指标的健康风险区间值;同时建立模糊化特征的风险等级判别标准和判别方法.结果表明,该水源地水质总健康风险值为4,风险等级为Ⅳ级(一般).3种化学致癌物Cr6+、As、Cd合计风险区间值介于5.586×10-5~9.365×10-5之间,风险由高到低的顺序依次为:Cr6+AsCd,浓度在空间上变化不大,具有一定的负面效应,但均未超过美国环保署推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10-4;Cr6+风险区间值较大,风险等级较高,应将Cr6+作为首要的健康风险管理控制指标.其余7种非致癌化学有毒物没有风险,不存在负面效应,非致癌健康风险明显低于致癌风险.     

陕北某化工企业周围污灌区土壤-作物系统重金属积累特征及评价

对陕西北部某化工企业污灌区土壤-作物系统的重金属积累状况及空间分布进行了深入研究.结果表明,污水排放导致了周围农田土壤中Cd和Cu的聚集,其中Cd的积累量超过国家土壤环境二级标准;土壤Cu、Zn和Pb的单因子污染指数均小于1,Cd的单因子污染指数为1.21,属轻度污染,4种重金属综合污染指数为0.74,属警戒线等级.在剖面上,所有重金属元素均表现出明显的表聚现象,主要聚集在土壤表层0~10 cm范围内,在空间分布上,污水排放企业污灌区土壤和作物重金属Cu、Zn和Cd的强烈聚集区出现在企业排污口附近100 m范围内,而Pb集中在200 m范围内,并随着距企业距离的增加重金属含量呈降低趋势.在企业污水灌溉的影响下,玉米籽粒中Cu、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别为4.74、0.129和0.036 mg·kg-1,明显高于对照区,其中Pb达到5.7%的超标率.玉米籽粒中重金属单因子污染指数均小于1,大小为PbCuZnCd,综合污染指数为0.53,属安全清洁等级;4种重金属元素中,除Cd在作物中与土壤中有效态和全量之间均呈现极显著的正相关关系外,其余元素作物中和土壤中含量相关性均未达到显著水平.因此,该化工企业周围,尽管由于污灌引起重金属在土壤中的累积,但由于在农作物中的积累有限,暂时未对人体健康造成威胁,但由于交通及烟尘引起的Pb的超标应引起重视.     

龙口市污水灌溉区农田重金属来源、空间分布及污染评价

采集龙口市污水灌溉区农田土壤,分析测定土壤pH和重金属含量,以采集的70个土壤样点为研究对象,根据多元统计中的相关分析和主成分分析探究研究区重金属的来源;采用地统计理论与GIS空间插值相结合的方法研究重金属元素的空间结构和分布特征;最后利用内梅罗指数法和改进的模糊综合评判法做重金属污染评价.结果表明,研究区内9种重金属元素在土壤中均有一定程度的富集,其中重金属Cd的均值是当地背景值的3.06倍,富集情况最为明显;指数法进行的污染评价显示Cu、Cd和Pb的综合污染指数分别为7.06、6.10和5.54,三者均属重度污染;相关分析和主成分分析结果显示,Cu、Zn和Pb、Cd主要受人为因素影响,污水灌溉是它们的共同污染因素,前两者为农业生产中化肥农药的过量使用与长时间的累积作用,而北部煤矿开采和煤矸石的堆积产生的污染以及电镀、机械制造等工业污染是后两者的污染来源;Co、Cr、Mn、Ni和As主要是受成土母质等自然因素的影响;据模糊综合评判的结果,研究区70个样点,有13个是中污染程度,23个属于轻污染,28个是警戒程度,6个样点处在安全范围内;从空间分布上看,重金属含量的高值区主要集中在黄水河下游的诸由观镇和徐福镇,说明污水灌溉给当地土壤造成了一定程度的重金属污染.     

Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China

Consumption of food crops contaminated with heavy metals is a major food chain route for human exposure. We studied the health risks of heavy metals in contaminated food crops irrigated with wastewater. Results indicate that there is a substantial buildup of heavy metals in wastewater-irrigated soils, collected from Beijing, China. Heavy metal concentrations in plants grown in wastewater-irrigated soils were significantly higher (P相似文献   

碱性矿化水淋洗对土壤盐碱化及小麦生长的影响

为探讨不同矿化度的水对土壤盐渍化的影响及相应的淋洗分数,采用土柱模拟方法,以小麦为指示作物,设计1.0 g/L,1.5 g/L两种矿化度,按3750 m3/hm2灌溉量,分一水、二水两种灌次,秋后进行人工淡水淋洗。结果表明,在半干旱气候条件下,开发碱性矿化水灌溉矿化度不宜超过1.5 g/L,否则有引起碱化的危险。干旱期用碱性矿化水灌溉抗旱时,在同等灌水量的情况下,一水灌溉比二水灌溉积盐轻。各种人工淋洗处理比CK洗盐效果好,其中以等量淋洗综合效益最好。     

Characterizing Drought in Irrigated Agricultural Systems: The Surface Water Delivery Index (SWDI)

Quantifying surface water shortages in arid and semiarid agricultural regions is challenging because limited water supplies are distributed over long distances based on complex water management systems constrained by legal, economic, and social frameworks that evolve with time. In such regions, the water supply is often derived in a climate dramatically different from where the water is diverted to meet agricultural demand. The existing drought indices which rely on local climate do not portray the complexities of the economic and legal constraints on water delivery. Nor do these indices quantify the shortages that occur in drought. Therefore, this research proposes a methodological approach to define surface water shortages in irrigated agricultural systems using a newly developed index termed the Surface Water Delivery Index (SWDI). The SWDI can be used to uniformly quantify surface water deficits/shortages at the end of the irrigation season. Results from the SWDI clearly illustrate how water shortages in droughts identified by the existing indices (e.g., SPI and PDSI) vary strongly both within and between basins. Some surface water entities are much more prone to water shortages than other entities based both on their source of water supply and water right portfolios.