Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.     

Stakeholder Willingness to Pay for Watershed Restoration in Rural Bolivia1

Abstract: Two CVM surveys were administered to 211 urban households and 188 rural farmer‐irrigators in the Comarapa watershed in Bolivia, South America, to estimate stakeholder willingness to pay (WTP) for a proposed upper watershed restoration program. Mean monthly household WTP to improve drinking water was $1.95 (65% of current charges), while mean annual WTP among farmer‐irrigators to improve irrigation water was $17 per hectare (34% of current costs). Aggregated to the entire population of households and farmer‐irrigators total WTP is $77,400 per year, which is 77% of the minimum cost to implement a watershed restoration program.     

猪场废水灌溉农田土壤重金属污染及风险评价

为了了解因灌溉猪场废水引起重金属积累的潜在生态风险影响,采集了河北省京安猪场区域农田清灌区和灌溉8年猪场废水污灌区的耕层(0～20cm)共52个土壤样品,并测定了样品中Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb和As含量。根据背景资料和主成分分析判断重金属污染来源,并应用地积累指数和Hakanson潜在生态风险评价指数进行重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价分析。结果表明,研究区Zn、Cu和As的污染源主要为猪场废水,Pb污染源主要为化肥,而Cd和Cr主要来源于土壤母质,研究区农田土壤重金属为轻微或中等程度污染,潜在生态风险指数RI为低值。     

雄安新区唐河污水库残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制

唐河污水库位于雄安新区白洋淀西侧,污水库渗漏和污水灌溉历时长达40 a,包气带中累积大量污染物.识别污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统残留污染物对地下水水化学动态的作用机制,对雄安新区的水环境保护至关重要.利用水化学离子示踪及改进的氯碱指数等水文地球化学方法,解析浅层地下水水化学时空特征及演化机制.结果表明,污水库区地下水水化学类型为SO₄·HCO₃-Na型,平均污水混合比例为48.4%,阳离子交替吸附作用和岩盐溶解作用分别为地下水提供了29.9%和8.6%的钠离子;污灌区地下水水化学类型为SO₄·HCO₃-Na·Mg型,平均污水混合比例为58.3%,阳离子交替吸附作用降低了地下水中8.1%的钠离子;降水和灌溉水的混合稀释作用导致残留污水混合比例和矿物饱和指数降低,促进地下水中钠离子与土壤胶体吸附的钙镁离子的交换作用.含水层反硝化作用能有效减少地下水硝酸盐污染.此外,污水库修复前后污水比例分别为61.5%和49.3%.污水渗漏和灌溉复合系统中长期滞留的污染物将在降雨和灌溉模式驱动下以不同程度的污水物理混合和水岩...     

论矿产资源综合利用的系统功能与社会经济效益

矿产资源综合利用体现了全面提高资源效益、环境效益、经济效益和社会效益辩证统一的系统功能。它拟应成为各国促进国民经济可持续协调发展的一项重大国策。矿业系统工程与价值工程相辅并用，是大力提高矿产综合利用的社会经济效益的最佳对策。     

浅谈现代工业企业的内部环境管理与效益

企业环境问题是环境问题的主要组成部分,防治企业环境污染始终是污染防治工作的重点。但若一味地增加污染治理投资,势必使企业承受巨大的经济压力。本文在全面分析现代工业企业内部环境管理内容的基础上,提出了如何让工业企业的环境保护投资为自身创造经济效益和社会效益的措施,为企业内部环境管理人员及决策人员提供参考。     

滴灌方式和生物质炭对温室土壤矿质态氮及其微生物调控的影响

滴灌和生物质炭添加均可影响土壤氮的形态及转化.深入了解滴灌方式和生物质炭对土壤矿质态氮和参与矿质态氮转化关键功能基因及微生物种群的综合影响,对改善设施农业生产管理方式,提高水分和氮源利用效率,降低硝酸盐积累及其淋失引起的地下水污染具有重要指导意义.在日光温室设置地表滴灌(D)、插入式滴灌(ID,插入深度15 cm)、地表滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(DB)和插入式滴灌+10 t·hm~(-2)生物质炭(IDB,插深15 cm)这4个处理,以收获期辣椒根际和非根际土壤为研究对象.结果发现,非根际和根际土壤铵态氮含量不受滴灌方式和生物质炭的影响.与地表滴灌相比,插入式滴灌显著降低了非根际土壤硝态氮的含量(P0.05),但生物质炭削弱了这种差异.同种滴灌方式下,生物质炭添加降低了根际土壤硝态氮的含量.生物质炭添加降低了地表滴灌辣椒非根际土壤AOA、AOB和nirK基因拷贝数以及根际土壤AOA基因拷贝数(P0.05),提高了两种滴灌方式根际土壤AOB和nirK基因拷贝数(P0.05).结构方程模型分析结果显示,在非根际和根际土壤中,pH和电导率分别是对铵态氮和硝态氮含量影响最大的环境因子,AOB基因拷贝数是对硝态氮影响最大的生物因子.基于PICRUSt功能预测,γ-变形菌纲菌属对氨单加氧酶基因(K10945)表达的贡献高于其它菌属;α-变形菌纲,尤其是根瘤菌成员对参与含铜离子的亚硝酸还原酶基因(K00368)表达的贡献高于其他菌属.生物质炭对非根际土壤K10945和根际土壤K00368同源基因细菌群落结构的影响显著(P0.05).综上所述,相对于滴灌方式,生物质炭的添加对设施农业土壤硝态氮氮含量及其转化的关键微生物影响更大.     

珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的成本与环境效益

船舶对区域大气污染的贡献备受关注.为控制船舶大气污染物排放,推进我国靠港船舶转用低硫油,以珠江口湾区为案例区,在利用统计分析法确定船舶辅机功率、靠港时间等关键参数的基础上,采用燃料动力法估算靠港船舶转用低硫油的经济成本与环境效益.结果表明:①珠江口湾区靠港船舶燃油消耗量大,2015年珠江口湾区船舶在靠港期间的总耗油量达31.35×104 t.②珠江口湾区靠港船舶转用低硫油的环境效益显著.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT（载重吨）的靠港船舶转用w（S）（硫含量）为0.5%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少792.8、729.1、566.3、6 979.9 t;转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO_x排放量分别减少835.3、792.8、1769.7、8 155.0 t.③靠港船舶转用低硫油会增加船东的成本.2015年珠江口湾区大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶都转用w（S）为0.1%的燃料油,因燃油价格差导致的额外成本为2.29×108元.在目前航运经济不景气的背景下,可通过财政补贴方式鼓励船东转用低硫油.参照深圳对靠港船舶转用低硫油的补贴政策,2015年大于3 000 DWT靠港船舶转用w（S）为0.5%的燃油时需补贴资金1.71×108元,转用w（S）为0.1%的燃油时需补贴资金2.29×108元.研究显示,靠港船舶转用低硫油能显著降低大气污染物排放,但转用低硫油需要船东承担一定的经济成本,政府应通过补贴等激励方式,逐步推进靠港船舶转用低硫油.      

AN ANALYSIS OF RISING IRRIGATION COSTS IN THE GREAT PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Irrigation costs are rising rapidly on the 32 million acres irrigated with ground water. Ground water levels are declining under about 15 million of those acres adding to increased costs. However, from 1975 to 1982, 75 to 80 percent of increased ground water irrigation costs were due to higher nominal energy prices and interest rates. In real dollars, adjusted for inflation, these costs have risen faster than other irrigation costs and the real rise in commodity prices has been very small. A continuation of rapidly rising costs and slowly rising prices will shorten the economic life of those aquifers experiencing declining water levels. That same condition of prices and costs place all ground water irrigators in a disadvantaged position compared to nonirrigators and could cause a decline in ground water irrigation.     

BENEFITS OF POLLUTION CONTROL ON MASSACHUSETTS’ HOUSATONIC RIVER: A HEDONIC PRICING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: This paper illustrates one mode of analysis for estimating the benefits of water pollution control projects. Results indicate regional benefits associated with an abatement program instituted for point source pollution along the Housatonic River during the 1960's were substantial. Studies of this kind can aid regulatory and recreation resource administrators in devising and evaluating environmental programs.