污水灌溉对地下水污染的机理研究

以焦作市南部新河沿岸灌溉区为研究对象,分别用污水和大气降水进行了土柱淋滤模拟实验,分析了氯离子、总硬度及TDS在土壤中的迁移转化机理.实验结果表明,渗出液中的污染物浓度最初较小,随后出现最大值,最后开始下降.表明当地浅层地下水中氯离子、总硬度及TDS污染与污水灌溉有关.     

WATER ALLOCATION POLICY MODELING FOR THE DONG NAI RIVER BASIN: AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE1

Abstract: Recent water sector reforms and increased scarcity and vulnerability of water resources, combined with declining public funding available for large scale infrastructure investment in the sector, have led to a greater awareness by the Government of Vietnam for the need to analyze water resource allocation and use in an integrated fashion, at the basin scale, and from a perspective of economic efficiency. In this study we focus on the development, application, and selected policy analyses using an integrated economic hydrologic river basin model for the Dong Nai River Basin in southern Vietnam. The model framework depicts the sectoral structure and location of water users (agriculture, industry, hydropower, domestic, and the environment) and the institutions for water allocation in the basin. Water benefit functions are developed for the major water uses subject to physical limitations and to constraints of system control and policy. Based on this modeling framework, we will analyze policies that can affect water allocation and use at the basin level, including both basin-specific and general macroeconomic policies.     

Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.     

Stakeholder Willingness to Pay for Watershed Restoration in Rural Bolivia1

Abstract: Two CVM surveys were administered to 211 urban households and 188 rural farmer‐irrigators in the Comarapa watershed in Bolivia, South America, to estimate stakeholder willingness to pay (WTP) for a proposed upper watershed restoration program. Mean monthly household WTP to improve drinking water was $1.95 (65% of current charges), while mean annual WTP among farmer‐irrigators to improve irrigation water was $17 per hectare (34% of current costs). Aggregated to the entire population of households and farmer‐irrigators total WTP is $77,400 per year, which is 77% of the minimum cost to implement a watershed restoration program.     

农户参与农田水利建设意愿影响因素的理论与实证分析——基于江西省619户种粮大户的微观调查数据

利用江西619户种粮大户数据,运用博弈模型逻辑和Logistic模型从理论与实证上分析了农户参与农田水利建设意愿的影响因素。研究结果表明,种稻收益、粮食补贴政策评价、农业劳动力人数、易洪易涝面积比重及村庄双季稻种植比重等因素对农户参与农田水利建设意愿有显著正影响,兄弟姐妹个数对农户参与农田水利建设意愿有显著负影响,而户主年龄、文化程度、经营规模、区域类型等变量的影响不显著。     

辽河流域县级污水处理厂建设环境效益浅析

介绍了辽河流域县级污水处理厂的建设概况,对建设污水厂所涉及的9个市的生活污水排放现状进行了分析,通过计算得出了2010年拟建污水厂县城的生活污水及主要污染物的排放量,并分析了污水厂建成后带来的环境效益。     

广东省清洁生产企业情况分析及效果评价

对广东省75家清洁生产企业开展清洁生产的情况进行了分析,这些企业通过清洁生产工作获得了较好的经济效益和环境效益,直接经济效益达到9．39亿元/a,实现废水减排2991．71万t／a,COD排放减少0．94万t／a,SO2减排0．55万t/a,环境效益显著。     

青铜峡灌区水稻田化肥氮去向研究

青铜峡灌区是我国古老的特大型灌区和粮食主产区之一,灌区农田氮肥的过量施用已经导致化肥氮向水体流失.用15N示踪微区试验方法研究了青铜峡引黄灌区习惯灌溉量条件下水稻田化肥氮素去向.结果表明,施氮量为当地习惯施氮300kg.hm-2时,水稻吸收的化肥氮在籽粒中最多,氮肥的当季利用率为45.93%,吸收的土壤氮约占52.63%;作物中的回收率为27.90%,在0～90cm土壤中的残留率为23.31%,作物-土壤体系中的回收率为51.21%,氮肥的损失率为48.79%;氮肥除了被当季作物吸收和部分以矿质氮残留在土壤中外,灌区19×104hm2的水稻田化肥氮年流失量为2.78×104t,生产1000kg水稻(净籽粒),排放纯氮20.17kg;在0～90cm土壤层中均有化肥氮残留,残留化肥氮主要富集在表层0～30cm,在60～90cm检测到化肥氮,说明青铜峡引黄灌区在习惯灌溉量条件下,水稻田当季的化肥氮淋溶到90cm以下,成为浅层地下水的潜在污染源.     

北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究

2007年6月在北京通州污水灌区、清污混合灌区和清水灌区采集土壤和河流底泥样品共28个,参考EPA标准对样品进行处理和分析,研究了26种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留及分布情况,探讨了有机氯农药含量与总有机碳(TOC)以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性.结果表明:从污水灌区到清水灌区有机氯农药的总量上并未出现明显递减的趋势,土壤和河流底泥中残留的有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和六氯苯(HCB)类,三者占有机氯农药残留总量的97.89%.OCPs质量分数平均值为36.18 ng·g-1,其中DDTs占OCPs的72.85%,大部分样品中DDT与DDE+DDD的质量分数之比都小于1,说明这些土壤和河流底泥中DDTs主要来自历史残留物.同时,除了两个样品外,其它样品的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值均小于1,平均值为0.63,表明林丹是这些采样点中HCH的主要新的污染源.沉积物中TOC、DDTs、HCHs和HCB类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.     

浅谈现代工业企业的内部环境管理与效益

企业环境问题是环境问题的主要组成部分,防治企业环境污染始终是污染防治工作的重点。但若一味地增加污染治理投资,势必使企业承受巨大的经济压力。本文在全面分析现代工业企业内部环境管理内容的基础上,提出了如何让工业企业的环境保护投资为自身创造经济效益和社会效益的措施,为企业内部环境管理人员及决策人员提供参考。