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71.
In the United States, the common interest often is conceived as a by-product of the pluralist, interest-group-driven democratic
process. Special interests dominate in many political arenas. Consequently, we have lost the language, vocabulary, and ability
to talk about the common interest. The way to reverse this trend is to develop and practice with new tools that allow us to
articulate what we mean by the common interest in specific contexts. In this article, we leveraged the literature on procedural,
substantive, and pragmatic decision making to illustrate how they work together to demonstrate whether and how the common
interest was served in three case studies of Healthy Forests Restoration Act implementation on the Apache-Sitgreaves National
Forest in Arizona. In two of the cases we found that the common interest was mostly served, while in the third case it was
not. Our results raise questions about the ability of procedural criteria or substantive criteria alone to determine effectiveness
in decision making. When evaluated together they provide a more complete understanding of how the common interest is or is
not served.
相似文献
Toddi A. SteelmanEmail: |
72.
Abel TD 《Environmental management》2008,42(2):232-248
This article presents a case study of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) air pollution exposure risks across metropolitan St. Louis. The first section critically reviews environmental justice research and related barriers to environmental risk management. Second, the paper offers a conventional analysis of the spatial patterns of TRI facilities and their surrounding census block group demographics for metropolitan St. Louis. Third, the article describes the use of an exposure risk characterization for 319 manufacturers and their air releases of more than 126 toxic pollutants. This information could lead to more practical resolutions of urban environmental injustices. The analysis of TRIs across metropolitan St. Louis shows that minority and low-income residents were disproportionately closer to industrial pollution sources at nonrandom significance levels. Spatial concentrations of minority residents averaged nearly 40% within one kilometer of St. Louis TRI sites compared to 25% elsewhere. However, one-fifth of the region's air pollution exposure risk over a decade was spatially concentrated among only six facilities on the southwestern border of East St. Louis. This disproportionate concentration of some of the greatest pollution risk would never be considered in most conventional environmental justice analyses. Not all pollution exposure risk is average, and the worst risks deserve more attention from environmental managers assessing and mitigating environmental injustices. 相似文献
73.
Previous soil lead studies in New Orleans focused on the geochemical footprint and its health impacts. This study examines
the human geography of race, income, and age in pre-Katrina metropolitan New Orleans within the context of lead accumulation
in soils. Sample points of soil lead data (n = 5,467) collected in 1998–2000 were mapped in a geographic information system (GIS), binned into 9 ranges, and queried by
(1) 2000 Census racial demographic data, (2) 1999 median household income, and (3) 2000 age data. The absolute population
generally declines as lead levels increase except at lead levels from 200–400 to 400–1,000 mg/kg when population increases;
the African–American population comprises a disproportionate share of this cohort. The high-lead areas occur in the inner
city, home to the largest populations of African-Americans in New Orleans. The mean household income curve indicates that
lower economic groups are at risk to higher levels of lead. A total of 44,701 children under the age of 5 years, plus 123,579
children aged 5–17, lived in census block groups containing at least one sample point with over 100 mg/kg lead, and these
include 23,124 and 64,064 young people, respectively, who live near at least one point over 400 mg/kg. Lead exposure affects
a panoply of outcomes that influence the health and welfare of the community. Unless corrected, children are likely to return
to the same or, because of lack of lead-safe practices during renovation, even higher exposure risks than before the flooding
of New Orleans. 相似文献
74.
《组织行为杂志》2017,38(5):692-711
A well‐known downside of organizational mergers is that employees fail to identify with the newly formed organization. We argue that developing an understanding of factors that affect post‐merger identification requires taking the pre‐merger status of the merger partners relative to each other into account. This is because relative pre‐merger status determines employees' susceptibility to different aspects of the merger process. Specifically, for employees of a high status pre‐merger organization, we expected post‐merger identification to be strongly influenced by (i) pre‐merger identification and (ii) the perceived change in the status. In contrast, we expected post‐merger identification of employees of a low status pre‐merger organization to be strongly affected by the perceived justice of the merger event. Longitudinal data were obtained from a merger of two public sector organizations and the results supported our hypotheses. Our study shows that the extent to which pre‐merger identification, status change, and justice are important determinants of post‐merger identification depends on the relative pre‐merger status of the merger partners. Our discussion focuses on theoretical implications and managerial ramifications of these findings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
75.
Observer reactions to interpersonal injustice: The roles of perpetrator intent and victim perception
Elizabeth E. Umphress Aneika L. Simmons Robert Folger Run Ren Ramona Bobocel 《组织行为杂志》2013,34(3):327-349
The present research contributes to a growing literature on observer reactions to injustice experienced by others. In particular, we separated two variables that have previously been confounded in prior research, namely perpetrator intent to cause harm and victim perception of harm. We expected that injustice intent and injustice perceptions would have both unique and joint effects on observer reactions. The results of three experiments in which we manipulated perpetrator injustice intent and victim injustice perceptions supported our predictions. First, we found that observers had more negative reactions toward superiors who intended to inflict high versus low levels of interpersonal injustice toward a subordinate. Second, the injustice intent of the superior influenced observers' reactions more than did victim perceptions of injustice. Third, most novel, we found that the mere intent to cause injustice generated negative reactions in observers, even in the absence of a “true” victim—that is, when the subordinate perceptions of injustice were low. Together, our results emphasize the importance of examining observers' reactions to injustice and incorporating perpetrator intentions into the study of organizational justice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
76.
Mei-Fang Fan 《Local Environment》2013,18(4):433-444
Abstract This paper examines environmental justice in the context of nuclear waste controversies on Orchid Island, Taiwan. The Yami's anti-nuclear waste movement is a manifestation of problems of distributional inequity, lack of recognition, and limited participation of the tribespeople in decision making. These are interwoven in political and social processes. In addition, the disputes over the nuclear waste problem between the Yami and Taiwanese groups also show the historical and socioeconomic complexity of environmental justice. This study argues that a democratic and participatory procedure is likely to bring recognition or help the situation of lack of recognition improve, which could facilitate more just distribution. Building partnerships and networking within a variety of indigenous environmental organizations as well as other Taiwanese environmental organizations could help to transform the Orchid Island community and the Taiwanese society in the direction of environmental justice. 相似文献
77.
Leslie Hom 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):251-256
In the overlaps between the academic and policy fields of disability and the environment lie a myriad of issues, both complementary and conflicting, which have to date received little attention. This paper aims to draw together the small amount of literature – both academic and non-academic – which has addressed such issues and begins to map both the nature and extent of the overlaps. It discusses key themes that have emerged from the literature analysed and points to a number of areas and issues which may well benefit from further research. In particular, it highlights the invisibility of disabled people, and the consequences which arise, in many areas of environmental concern. 相似文献
78.
Diane Sicotte 《Local Environment》2013,18(8):761-774
The aim of this study was to quantify inequities in environmental hazard burdening in the 357 towns and 12 city planning analysis areas in the nine-county Philadelphia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Points were assigned to 14 types of hazards, including Superfund sites, hazardous waste facilities, landfills, trash transfer stations, waste tyres, incinerators, power plants, polluting factories, and sewage and sludge treatment facilities. When points were summed, 39 communities were in the 90th percentile for total hazard points. Risk ratios were calculated for community characteristics. The risk of extensive hazard burdening was significantly greater for communities bordering the Delaware River and for communities with more than 3% minority residents, more vacant housing units, and adults without a high school diploma. Risks were significantly lower for the most affluent communities. Results point to the need to reform environmental laws at the state level to prevent the concentration of environmental hazards in vulnerable communities. 相似文献
79.
In light of the rapid and continuous growth of the built environment worldwide and its attendant ecological impact, increasing the size and distribution of open space in urban areas is recognised as one effective way to reconcile the social and ecological objectives of society. However, there is no simple and objective indicator to measure open space that can be used for creating and maintaining sustainable landscapes. The paper introduces a metric, open space index (OSI), that measures the amount of space unpenetrated by the built environment. The metric is calculated by measuring the shortest distance between any location and the nearest built environment using a Geographic Information System. The metric is illustrated using two counties of the greater Twin Cities Metropolitan Region of Minnesota. The sensitivity of OSI to the size, shape, and spatial configuration of the built environment suggests that the metric can serve as an important planning tool for reconciling conservation and development in a wide range of contexts. 相似文献
80.
Many cities' municipal governments have made some version of “sustainability” an explicit policy goal over the past two decades. Previous research has documented how the operationalisation and conceptualisation of sustainability in urban sustainability plans vary greatly among cities, particularly with respect to environmental justice. This article reports on whether and how large American cities incorporate environmental justice into their urban sustainability indicator projects. Our findings suggest that while there has been an increase in the number of cities incorporating environmental justice elements into sustainability plans since the early 2000s, their conceptualizations and implementations of sustainability remain highly constrained. The paucity of evaluative tools suggests that environmental justice efforts are potentially losing traction in public debate over macro-scale sustainability concerns (e.g. climate change) or the need for regionally competitive environmental amenities (e.g. parks). This paper concludes with suggestions for revising existing sustainability plans to better reflect environmental justice concerns. 相似文献