加工高硫原油恶臭污染及其控制对策

通过对加工高含硫原油炼厂恶臭污染现状的详细调查,在针对炼油生产的各个环节、各种工况所发生恶臭污染进行全面分析的基础上,提出了一系列相应的治理措施,并对各种处理效果作了评价。     

浅谈油田开发项目事故风险环境影响和防治措施——以大庆太19区油田开发为例

通过对国内外油田开发的类比事故调查及资料分析，结合大庆太19区油田开采的实际情况，事故风险主要来自于钻井（井下作业）天然气集榆管线以及站场等工艺环节，危险其安全的潜在危险因素主要有自然灾害、腐蚀环境、误操作、设备缺陷、施工及人为破坏等问题。在油田开发过程中所发生的事故，不论是人为因素引起的还是自然灾害，其最终结果都是导致原油、天然气或含油污水的泄漏及火灾爆炸事故，并产生不同程度的环境风险，因此采取风险防治措施显得尤为重要。     

城市生态公园及其评估

综述了城市生态公园的研究进展,分析了城市生态公园对解决城市生态问题及满足市民渴望回归自然的重要性.在总结目前城市生态公园理论与实践的基础上,对城市生态公园的定义及内涵进行了分析.首次提出了以生物多样性、生物量、乡土物种和景观为核心指标组成的城市生态公园评估指标体系,对中国正在兴起的城市生态公园建设具有指导意义.     

不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失及面源污染中的应用研究

通过施用生物毯、生物带和秸秆覆盖3种措施,模拟人工降雨,测定山地果园的水土流失量,比较不同措施在防治山地果园水土流失中的效果.结果表明,在降雨强度为1.33 mm/min时,与对照相比生物毯和秸秆覆盖能减少50%以上的氮磷流失量,生物带减少氮磷流失量也达到30%以上;在降雨强度为2.33 mm/min时,秸秆覆盖防治水土流失的效果最好;在高降雨强度(2.33mm/min)时,各种措施防治效果降低,但效果仍然明显,对磷的防治效果好于对氮的防治效果,与对照相比生物毯能减少44.5%的磷流失量.山地果园水土流失相当严重,施用生物毯和秸秆覆盖能有效防治山地果园的面源污染.     

Uncertainty assessment of spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density using sequential indicator simulation, a case study of Hebei province, China

The spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) are closely related to the global climate change. In quantifying the spatial patterns of SOC density, the concept of uncertainty of the SOC density values at unsampled locations is particularly important because such uncertainty can be propagated into the subsequent global climate change modelling and has fundamental impacts on the ultimate results of the model. A total of 361 SOC density data of topsoil (0–20 cm) in Hebei province and sequential indicator simulation (SIS) were applied to perform a conditional stochastic simulation in this study to quantitatively assess the uncertainty of mapping SOC density. The results showed that a great variation exists in the SOC density data. The conditional variance of 500 realizations generated by SIS was larger in mountainous areas of the study area where the SOC density fluctuated the most, and the uncertainty was smaller on the plain area where SOC density was consistently small. Realizations generated by SIS can represent the possible spatial patterns of SOC density without smoothing effect. A set of realizations can be used to explore all possible spatial patterns of SOC density and provide a visual and quantitative measure of the spatial uncertainty of mapping SOC density. With a given threshold of SOC density, SIS can quantitatively assess both local uncertainty and spatial uncertainty of SOC density that is greater the threshold.     

Analysis of effects of driver’s evasive action time on rear-end collision risk using a driving simulator

Introduction: Driver’s evasive action is closely associated with collision risk in a critical traffic event. To quantify collision risk, surrogate safety measures (SSMs) have been estimated using vehicle trajectories. However, vehicle trajectories cannot clearly capture presence and time of driver’s evasive action. Thus, this study determines the driver’s evasive action based on his/her use of accelerator and brake pedals, and analyzes the effects of the driver’s evasive action time (i.e., duration of evasive action) on rear-end collision risk. Method: Fifty drivers’ car-following behavior on a freeway was observed using a driving simulator. An SSM called “Deceleration Rate to Avoid Crash (DRAC)” and the evasive action time were determined for each driver using the data from the driving simulator. Each driver tested two traffic scenarios – Cars and Trucks scenarios where conflicting vehicles were cars and trucks, respectively. The factors related to DRAC were identified and their effects on DRAC were analyzed using the Generalized Linear Models and random effects models. Results: DRAC decreased with the evasive action time and DRAC was closely related to drivers’ gender and driving experience at the road sections where evasive action to avoid collision was required. DRAC was also significantly different between Cars and Trucks scenarios. The effect of the evasive action time on DRAC varied among different drivers, particularly in the Trucks scenario. Conclusions: Longer evasive action time can significantly reduce crash risk. Driver characteristics are more closely related to effective evasive action in complex driving conditions. Practical Applications: Based on the findings of this study, driver warning information can be developed to alert drivers to take specific evasive action that reduces collision risk in a critical traffic event. The information is likely to reduce the variability of the driver’s evasive action and the speed variations among different drivers.     

时空效应下不同孔径超前钻孔有效排放半径研究*

为解决煤矿在施工过程中局部防突问题,进行现场实测并结合数值模拟计算,研究瓦斯排放钻孔影响半径在不同排放时间和不同超前钻孔直径影响下的变化规律。研究结果表明:对于同一孔径的钻孔,在一定时间内影响半径随着时间的增加而增加,不同直径的钻孔呈不同的函数关系;对于不同的孔径,影响半径随着钻孔直径的增加而增加,研究结果可为矿井作业中治理煤与瓦斯局部突出提供重要参考。     

河流健康研究进展与前瞻

河流健康研究是目前河流生态学领域研究热点之一。首先介绍了河流健康概念的产生、发展及其不同的内涵,辨析了河流生态系统健康、流域生态系统健康概念与河流健康概念的区别与联系,认为河流健康是指河流既能保持河流生态系统完整性,又能维持其对人类社会提供的各种服务功能。在分析河流健康内涵的基础上,着重回顾分析了国内外河流健康评价的实践情况以及河流健康评价方法,根据河流健康评价方法的评价原理,河流健康评价方法主要分为预测模型法和多指标方法。针对目前河流健康研究领域存在的主要问题,提出了河流健康研究的发展方向,认为今后开展河流健康评价研究还需在评价指标选取、评价标准确定、评价尺度选取以及河流健康评价与河流管理集成等方面进一步加强。     

水葫芦用于水质污染治理的生态环境效应及其对策研究

水葫芦净化水质的应用虽然已取得一定的成效,但是,由此却也伴生出一系列的问题。任何外来物种均是“双刃剑”,其带来的生态环境效应有利有弊。正确客观评估水葫芦这样的外来种的生态环境效应,对水葫芦生态工程净化工艺进行科学设计并逐步完善其净化系统,加强和优化生态工程的管理,从而使水葫芦达到对污染水体的最佳净化效果和对环境的最低危害程度,造福人类。     

房地产建设项目生态宜居性的模糊综合评价

以现代住区人居生态环境的要求和前人研究为基础,立足于以人为本和便于实际评估工作的开展,综合考虑人居生态环境健康、舒适的特点,在类比众多评价方法和参考国内外指标体系的基础上,运用模糊综合评价对某一大型房地产项目的生态宜居性进行初步分析,以期完善、充实中国房地产项目的生态宜居性评价体系和方法,为该领域的进一步研究提供基础。