Emergy evaluation of an integrated livestock wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment practices should pay more attention to their environmental performances due to their resources consumption and emissions’ impact. While reclaimed water reuse seems to have become a promising practice, is it always feasible in any condition? To address this issue, this study carried out an extended emergy evaluation of a holistic wastewater treatment system. On one hand, this method was extended to include the emissions’ impact. On the other hand, this study integrated a wastewater treatment plant, its excess sludge disposal system and treated water disposal system into an integrated wastewater treatment system (IWTS), so as to evaluate its performances more completely. And then several indicators, including cost per unit pollutant eliminated (CUPE), ratio of positive output (RPO), environmental load ratio (ELR), and sustainability index (SI), were proposed for evaluating the performances of an IWTS. Two scenarios (scenario A: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + treated water discharges; scenario B: wastewater treatment + sludge landfilling + reclaimed water reuse) for a livestock wastewater treatment plant in Sichuan Agricultural University located in Ya’an City in Southwest China, as cases, were researched. The results show that scenario B has lower positive output efficiency and greater environmental load than scenario A. Meanwhile, the reclaimed water reuse raises cost per unit pollutant eliminated compared with the treated water being discharged directly; emissions’ impact enhances the environmental load of the two scenarios to different degree; emissions’ impact has decisive effect on the sustainability of the two scenarios. These results mean that the reclaimed water reuse should not be advocated in this case. This study provides some policy implications: (1) wastewater treatment process should be comprehensively evaluated from its resources consumption and impact of emissions; (2) reclaimed water reuse should be carefully evaluated from its pros and cons simultaneously; (3) the local conditions should be considered when implementing reclaimed water reuse, such as local water body conditions, market demands, the related laws and regulations, corporations’ economic conditions, etc.     

长三角一体化高质量发展：内涵、现状及对策

推动长三角一体化发展是着眼于实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标谋划部署的重大国家战略。本文首先解析了长三角一体化发展的新态势,提出了长三角一体化高质量发展的“四更”内涵,即更高战略定位的一体化、更高效率和水平的一体化、更加协调的一体化与更优空间形态的一体化。重点回顾总结了长三角一体化发展上升为国家战略三年多以来开展的主要行动和工作成效,按照高质量发展就是贯彻新发展理念的基本逻辑,构建了体现创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享五大理念的长三角一体化高质量发展评价指标体系,评估了2018—2020年长三角一体化高质量发展状态。对照一体化高质量发展新要求,针对目前存在问题,从空间部署和重点领域等方面提出相关路径建议,以期为推动长三角一体化更高质量发展提供决策参考。     

重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的空间效应——以江西省80个县为例

发展生态产业是重点生态功能区实现高质量跨越式发展的重要途经,而重点生态功能区转移支付是目前为止国家对重点生态功能区唯一的具有直接性、持续性和集中性的生态保护补偿政策。本文在以往研究的基础上,采用空间计量模型探究重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的影响。以江西省为研究对象,基于2008—2018年研究数据,以县域为研究单元对生态产业发展水平进行测度,并运用空间杜宾模型探究重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的空间效应。结果表明：生态产业发展在空间上存在显著的正向自相关性,且在江西省境内呈现出西北地区高—高集聚,东南地区低—低集聚的现象;重点生态功能区转移支付的提高不仅会显著促进当地生态产业的发展,还会提高邻近地区的生态产业发展水平。     

Development of a scale for assessing the organization's safety performance based fuzzy ANP

Traditionally, safety performance is assessed through statistical analyses of incident data, known as lagging indicators. Lagging indicators are not useful since the goal of founding safety management systems is the continuous improvement. In this study, a scale was established and validated to assess the elements that affect the organization safety. The fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) procedure was applied to weigh the elements and to reveal the influence of various structures for the proposed scales on the safety performance indicator. A 120-item scale was developed following the interview process to examine the factors that affect safety performance. Based on the face validity results, eight items were removed. The mean value of the instrument's validity index was 0.79. According to the FANP results, the organizational factor had the highest weight load of 0.465, whereas the environmental factor, with a weight of 0.209, had the least effect on the organization's safety performance index. An analysis of the study data showed that the designed scale can be used as an objective and simple tool to evaluate the factors that affect safety performance.     

天津盘山风景名胜区总体规划环境影响识别探讨

本文以天津盘山风景名胜区总体规划环境影响识别为例,分析规划本身对区域产业、社会、环保产生的直接影响,进而识别规划对资源环境要素产生的间接影响,并确定评价重点。     

Distribution pattern of traditional ecological knowledge on plant utilization among major minority peoples in Guizhou,China

In this study, the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on non-cultivated plant utilization by the Miao and Buyi people in Guizhou, China, was investigated using semi-structured interviews and the joint plant and use (JPU) was used as an index of TEK. In addition, the regional TEK distribution patterns were depicted. The results showed that low-frequency JPUs accounted for a large proportion of the total TEK on non-cultivated plant utilization, implying a possible TEK loss. The TEK distribution pattern is similar to the 80/20 rule, indicating that most TEK is mastered by key informants who are important for regional TEK protection and inheritance. Different informants have different JPU amounts and diversities with specific relationships, and for the characteristic ethnic TEK, medicinal JPUs generally have a low frequency, while symbolic JPUs have a higher frequency. The results could provide references for regional sustainable development and biocultural diversity management.     

人为活动对冈曲河大型底栖动物空间分布的影响

为监测人为活动对高海拔山区河流的影响,以香格里拉冈曲河为例,应用多维统计分析与排序分析,探讨大型底栖动物群落对人为活动的响应. 研究表明,冈曲河受到低浓度重金属污染,农业活动和水体富营养化程度相对较轻,总体水质状况符合国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)Ⅰ,Ⅱ类水质标准. 聚类分析显示,大型底栖动物群落可分为4组:组Ⅰ(北支翁水河)与组Ⅱ(南支格咱河)采样点受人为活动的影响最轻;组Ⅲ采样点主要受开矿和农业活动影响;组Ⅳ采样点受重金属污染相对较重. 4组采样点在无度量多维标定法(NMS)排序轴上的分布差异明显,组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ采样点体现出空间分布差异,而人为活动主要影响组Ⅲ与组Ⅳ采样点. 随河级增加,底栖动物的群落结构除受到水深、河宽、水温、浊度和海拔高度等环境因子的影响外,组Ⅲ与组Ⅳ采样点影响底栖动物群落退化的主要因素为Cu,Pb和NO-₃-N. 石蛭科和毛缘蛾蚋为组Ⅰ采样点的指示种;叉襀和倍叉襀等敏感类群为组Ⅱ采样点的主要指示种;组Ⅲ的指示种为中耐污种短石蛾和蜉蝣,以及强耐污种寡毛类;涡虫为组Ⅳ采样点的指示种,表明涡虫具有较高的重金属污染耐受性.      

采砂迹地型湿地恢复过程中植物群落分布与土壤环境因子的关系

利用TWINSPAN（双向指示种分析）和CCA排序（典范对应分析）的方法,对北京西卓家营采砂迹地型退化湿地植被进行了群落类型划分,并探讨了湿地植被空间分布与土壤环境因子关系,确定了影响湿地植被空间分布的关键因子。结果表明：38个样方40个植物种可划分为7个群落类型,即茭白＋针蔺群落（Zizania latifolia＋Eleocharis congesta）;牛鞭草＋旋覆花＋野艾蒿＋竹节灯心草＋茵陈蒿＋扁杆藨草群落（Hemarthria sibirica＋Inula japonica＋Artemisia lavandulifolia＋Juncus turczaninowii＋Artemisia capillaries＋Scirpus planiculmis）;千屈菜＋苣荬菜＋小香蒲群落（Lythrum salicaria＋Herba Sonchi Brachyoti＋Typha minima）;竹节灯心草＋问荆＋酸模叶蓼＋芦苇群落（Juncus turczaninowii＋Equisetum arvense＋Polygonum lapathifolium＋Phragmites australis）;针蔺＋扁杆藨草＋茵陈蒿＋野艾蒿群落（Eleocharis congesta＋Scirpus planiculmis＋Artemisia capillaries＋Artemisia lavandulifolia）;鬼针草＋狗尾草＋香蒲群落（Bidens pilosa＋Setaria viridis＋Typha orientalis）和朝天委陵菜＋猪毛菜＋大刺儿菜＋稗群落（Potentilla supine＋Salsola collina＋Cephalanoplos setosum＋Echinochloa crusgalli）。植物群落物种和土壤因子的CCA分析表明：益母草、大车前、猪毛菜主要受土壤pH的影响;茭白主要受氨氮、土壤有机质（SOM）的影响;马唐、鸡眼草主要受土壤全氮（TN）和Mg2＋的影响;针蔺、狼杷草受土壤K＋的影响;苦苣菜、苣荬菜、牛鞭草主要受土壤Na＋的影响;黄香草木犀主要受土壤Cl-的影响;灰绿藜、大刺儿菜、球穗莎草主要受土壤NO3-的影响;扁杆藨草、小香蒲主要受全磷（TP）和含水率的影响。研究结论将为采砂迹地型湿地恢复提供科学支持。     

基于毒性效应的间隙水致毒物质鉴别技术进展

沉积物作为污染物迁移转化过程中重要的"源"和"汇",与整个生态系统及人类健康有着密切联系。间隙水很大程度上反映了水体沉积物的污染状况,同时可以真实反映生物的实际暴露情况,间隙水中关键致毒物质的鉴别是科学准确地评价间隙水及沉积物毒性与风险的重要基础。毒性鉴别评估(Toxicity Identification Evaluation,TIE)和效应引导的污染物识别(Effect Directed Analysis,EDA)技术作为致毒物质识别的主要方法,已在沉积物和间隙水的致毒物筛选中得到了初步的应用。本文介绍并比较了常用的间隙水提取方法,总结了TIE和EDA在间隙水致毒物质异位及原位鉴别方面的应用与发展,及鉴别过程中使用到的基本毒性量化方法与其适用条件。在当前间隙水关键致毒物质识别研究的基础上,指出了异位分析难以避免毒性损失和有机污染物鉴别方面的局限等问题,并提出应推广原位毒性试验技术且进一步发展有机物的精细分离技术和质谱识别技术等发展方向。     

天津市区表层土壤中多氯联苯的污染特征

用GC/ECD分析、GC/MS验证的方法测定了天津市区41个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品中84种PCB异构体. 结果表明:w(PCBs)为0.82~8.86 ng/g,平均值为3.56 ng/g,其中工业区>路边绿化带>公园. 7种PCB指示异构体的浓度(以w计)范围为0.08~2.05 ng/g,占总量的22.89%,与w(PCBs)具有较好的相关性(R=0.74,P<0.000 1). 5氯联苯和3氯联苯是主要的异构体,分别占总量的28.30%和22.14%. 浓度位居前10位的异构体分别是PCB31/28、PCB201、PCB6、PCB84、PCB92、PCB101、PCB16/32、PCB89、PCB180和PCB12/13. 主成分分析显示,国产变压器油与电容器油、Aro1242、Aro1248、Aro1254、A30和KC300以及现有工业的排放是天津市区表层土壤中PCBs的主要来源. 关键词:多氯联苯(PCBs); 表层土壤; PCB指示异构体; 异构体