铝型材碱洗废液闭路循环工艺研究

铝型材表面处理工艺中产生大量碱洗废液,其主要成分为NaOH与Al(OH)3,如不能有效回收,会造成严重环境污染与资源浪费。故针对含有“长寿碱蚀剂”的废液提出了生石灰处理工艺。此工艺简单,效果好,铝去除率最高可达97%,碱回收率可在80%左右,完全可以实现工业化生产。同时,该法原料价格低廉易得,实现闭路循环,而且其副产品CaCl2·2H2O、Al2(SO4)3·18H2O、CaSO4·2H2O等均有较高利用价值。     

中国土地可持续利用指标体系的理论与方法

制定土地资源可持续性指标体系是《21世纪议程》中对各国提出的科学技术优先研究领域 ,国土资源部已开始了该研究项目。论文就此对中国土地资源可持续利用指标体系的理论与方法从整体上进行了探讨。首先回顾了国内外土地可持续利用研究的进展 ,分析归纳了国外可持续发展指标体系研究状况及可借鉴之处 ;指出在土地可持续利用指标与评价的研究中 ,必须从3个方面开展深入探讨。第一是土地利用分区及制定区域性土地可持续利用指标体系 ;第二是研究制定主要土地利用系统可持续利用指标体系及其阈值 ;第三是研究制定典型区域(以县域为单位)土地可持续利用指标体系及其阈值。只有把3个方面的研究有机融合起来 ,互相反馈 ,互为依存 ,才能保证土地可持续利用指标体系的科学性、系统性和实用性。     

Susceptibility of a Northern Hardwood Forest to Exotic Earthworm Invasion

Abstract:  Numerous exotic earthworm species are colonizing northern hardwood forests of North America, where no native earthworms exist. Upon invasion, earthworms have been shown to alter the surface soil environment and plant populations and communities. We sought to identify land-use factors in the Ottawa National Forest (ONF), Michigan (U.S.A.), that contribute to earthworm invasion in forest dominated by sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) so that the susceptibility to additional colonization could be evaluated. We sampled earthworm communities in Sylvania Wilderness Area, a unique old-growth hardwood forest, and nonwilderness sites influenced by recreational fishing, recent timber harvesting, or roads. All the nonwilderness sites contained one to five species of exotic earthworms. In contrast, only 50% of wilderness sites contained exotic earthworms, all of a single species. Nonwilderness sites also had thinner litter and duff layers, higher soil C and N content, and higher nitrogen mineralization potentials than Sylvania sites. Two central differences between Sylvania and nonwilderness sites were that all nonwilderness sites were in close contact with roads and had a history of timber harvest, whereas these factors were not present in Sylvania Wilderness Area. Using average rates of colonization, we constructed two geographic information system models to estimate the percentage of sugar maple on the ONF falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads and of second-growth sugar maple as relative indices of susceptibility to invasion. Both models indicated high susceptibility to invasion, with 91.7% and 98.9% of sugar maple habitat falling within a theoretical 100-year invasion distance of roads or historical harvests, respectively.     

三峡库区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响

为探讨三峡库区小流域不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响特征，采用野外调查、取样和室内实验分析相结合的方法，对三峡库区五桥河流域内3种主要土地利用方式(旱地、柑橘园、林地)的土壤理化性状进行对比分析。结果表明，不同土地利用方式对土壤吧力具有较为明显的影响，土壤孔度、渗透率变化由大到小的次序为林地→柑橘园→旱地；土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量由大到小次序为林地→柑橘园→旱地。这与不同土地利用方式下人类耕作活动、对土地的劳力与经济投入不同密切相关。林地受人为扰动少，因而土壤肥力高；柑橘园、旱地受人类耕作活动影响大，但因柑橘园经济产出效益较高，农户对土地的投入相应较高，使得柑橘园土壤肥力高于旱地土壤。     

广西贵港市土地利用总体规划实施评价

目前沿用的土地利用总体规划实施评价的方法多为定性的直接描述法，缺乏科学的评价体系，难以对规划实施的效果作出客观、科学的评判。文章引入层次分析法（AHP），对贵港市土地利用总体规划实施效果进行量化研究。结果表明，虽然当地政府高度重视规划的实施，实施情况总体良好，但社会经济成效指标和完成性指标评价得分较低。建议该市今后加快“三农”政策的落实，以提高农民种粮的积极性和农民的收入水平；加大土地开发复垦、退耕还林资金投入，并制定有力的保障措施，促进完成性指标的实施。同时，提高社会意识度，是规划实施工作的重中之重，今后的规划要强化公众参与。     

Do changes in risk-taking affect habitat shifts of sticklebacks?

The distribution of individuals is often the outcome of conflicting demands, such as between predator avoidance and reproduction. A factor that has seldom been considered in studies on habitat choice is time-dependent changes in risk-taking. We investigated the distribution of threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, over two breeding seasons and found it to change with time towards shallower areas with a more open habitat structure. Shallow and structurally less complex habitats were probably favorable due to a higher reproductive rate, but costly due to an increased risk of predation. Contrary to expectation, changing predation pressure was not a predictor of the shift in habitat use and, thus, not the proximate cue. Instead date was the main predictor. This suggests that increased risk-taking in relation to predation contributed to the habitat shift. The possibility was supported by a laboratory experiment that showed sticklebacks to take larger risks and prefer more predator-exposed areas at the end of the season than at the start of the season. These results demonstrate that temporal changes in risk-taking occur and can influence habitat choice, which points to the importance of considering risk-taking, in addition to predation pressure, when studying the effect of predators on distribution.Communicated by J. Krause     

土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数空间变异分析

土地利用类型是一种在自然和人类活动双重作用下的产物,具有不规则、相对不稳定性和复杂性特征,可以利用分形方法进行探讨;分形理论在土地结构研究中的应用涉及土地利用类型分数维的计算、土地利用结构分形研究方法、土地利用结构及其动态变化的分形描述、区域景观结构的分形模型等方面;但土地利用类型的分形机制的空间差异研究少见报道。综合考虑广东省的自然地理环境和社会经济发展状况,文章选择韶关、潮州、汕头、广州作为不同类型区域的代表,基于分形理论计算了耕地、园地、林地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、道路用地、水体和未利用土地8种地类分维值(D)和稳定性指数(Si)以及平均分维值和稳定性指数,从影响土地利用结构的地貌和人文因素两个方面出发,对比和分析了地域之间的D值、Si值的关系,并从中得到了D值和Si值的变化规律。结果表明:(1)复杂的地貌类型是影响土地利用类型D值和Si值的最主要因素;(2)社会经济发展水平一定程度上影响土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数;(3)区域土地利用类型的平均分维值、稳定性指数的大小是土地利用结构的综合反映。     

我国在用柴油车的技术改造与城市的环境保护

中国的柴油车发展起步较晚，技术较落后，能耗高，排污严重，影响着我国城市的大气环境。笔者对柴油车在城市生活中的重要地位，对在用柴油车的技术改造措施和城市环境保护的其他举措进行了研究探讨，提出了一些具体方案，如使用高效柴油添加剂或联合使用高效的柴油添加剂与层气净化器；由政府统一严格控制机动车辆排放标准；提高市政工程管理水平。     

Protected Areas and Prospects for Endangered Species Conservation in Canada

Abstract:  Reserve networks figure prominently in conservation strategies that aim to reduce extinction rates. We tested the effectiveness of the current reserve network at protecting species at risk in Canada, where relatively extensive wilderness areas remain. We compared numbers of terrestrial species at risk included in existing reserves to randomly generated networks with the same total area and number of reserves. Existing reserve networks rarely performed better than randomly selected areas and several included fewer endangered species than expected by chance, particularly in the most biologically imperiled regions. The extent of protected area and density of species at risk were unrelated at either broad (countrywide) or finer spatial scales (50 × 50 km grids), although there was a tendency for the most threatened regions of the country to have few or no protected areas (1.5% of areas with >30 endangered species were in reserves). Although reserves will play a useful role in conserving endangered species that occur within them, reducing extinction rates in a region with much of the world's remaining wilderness will require integrating conservation strategies with agricultural and urban land-use plans outside formally protected areas.     

Loss of mating opportunities influences refuge use in the Iberian rock lizard,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lacerta monticola</Emphasis>

Because time spent in refuge may be costly if prey lose opportunities to forage, fight, or mate, prey allow predators to approach closer before beginning to flee when opportunity costs are high. Because the same opportunity costs may apply to refuge use as to escape, prey should make similar trade-offs between risk of emerging and cost of remaining in refuge. In the Iberian rock lizard, Lacerta monticola, we studied the effects of sex, reproductive season, speed of predator approach, and potential loss of mating opportunities on time spent in refuge following simulated predatory attacks. Lizards of both sexes adjusted refuge use to the level of risk by spending more time in refuge when approached rapidly than slowly. Females remained in refuge for equal times in the mating and postreproductive seasons, but males emerged sooner during the mating season, suggesting adjustment to a cost of lost opportunity to search for mates during the mating season. When a tethered female was nearby, males emerged from refuge earlier than if no female was present, indicating a trade-off between risk and mating opportunity. Approach speed affected emergence time when females were absent, but not when a female was present. Approach speed did not affect the probability that, after emerging, a male would return to court the female. For males that courted females intensely (bit them) before entering refuge, approach speed did not affect latency to emerge, but males that courted less intensely emerged sooner if approached slowly than rapidly. These findings show that males adjust the length of time spent in refuge to both risk of predation and reproductive cost of refuge use.Communicated by A. Mathis