岷江流域土地利用结构对地表水水质的影响

当点源污染得到有效控制时,非点源污染,尤其是农业非点源污染将成为影响地表水水质的主要因素。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术获取岷江流域土地利用类型,并在分析该流域内地表水水质监测数据的基础上,研究了不同土地利用结构与地表水水质的相关关系。结果表明,在以单一土地利用类型为主控制的区域中,林地和草地控制的小流域的地表水水质明显优于耕地;在不同土地利用类型的组合结构中,地表水水质的优劣状况介于林地、草地和耕地为主控制的小流域之间;在其他条件相似时,随着小流域内林地和草地比例的增加,非点源污染降低,而随着耕地比例的增加,非点源污染有增大的趋势。此外,土地利用结构对地表水水质的影响不仅表现在数量结构上,同时表现在空间分布上.     

额济纳天然胡杨林水分利用效率动态变化研究

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是我国西北地区重要的生态屏障,也是当地人民赖以生存的自然资源,然而由于种种原因,这片绿洲正在衰败并且有消亡的危险.胡杨是典型的潜水旱中生植物,它虽然有较强的耐大气干旱、耐盐碱能力,其生长发育与水分条件的优劣有着十分密切的关系.本文通过研究额济纳天然胡杨的叶水势、蒸腾速率、光合速率的变化规律,综合分析其水分利用效率与叶水势的相关关系,了解胡杨树体内水分运移关系,为揭示胡杨生存现状和合理利用水资源提供理论依据,为合理保护额济纳绿洲胡杨林提供科学支持.     

金矿尾矿库渗漏后治理措施的探寻

分析了金矿尾矿库发生渗漏的原因,重点介绍了尾矿库渗漏后的综合治理措施。通过治理措施的实施,不仅解决了尾矿库渗漏问题,而且为尾矿库的增高扩容提供了良好的条件。其成功经验可以为类似金矿企业所借鉴。     

基于生态绿当量的开封土地利用研究

基于生态绿当量的提出与模型的建立,计算水田、旱田、园地和林地的生态绿当量,得到研究区域的综合绿当量,并将该值与以最佳森林覆盖率的生态优化标准进行比较。对研究区域的土地利用结构进行现状评价,在此基础上对研究区域土地利用结构进行优化调整。以开封为例,针对开封土地利用问题,提出优化方案,以期达到经济、社会和生态效益的统一。     

区域生态系统服务对土地利用变化的脆弱性评估——以江苏省环太湖地区碳储量为例

文章在评述生态系统服务对全球变化的脆弱性研究概况的基础上,认为在生态系统服务退化和不可持续的状态下,改变土地利用变化对降低生态系统服务脆弱性具有重要意义。论文引入了生态系统服务对土地利用变化脆弱性评估方法,分析了生态系统服务对土地利用类型转变、土地利用类型渐变、土地管理方式变化的脆弱性响应机理,以江苏省环太湖地区碳储量为例进行实证研究。结果表明:①在1980—1990年、1990—2000年、2000—2005年3个时间段,农田、林地的显著减少和建设用地的急剧增加致使生态系统碳储量对土地利用强度变化表现得愈加脆弱,土地利用强度指数每增加一个单位,碳储量分别减少0.90 Tg、1.68 Tg、1.69 Tg;②2005—2015年间,通过对农田、林地、建设用地的规划控制,可以降低生态系统碳储量的脆弱性,土地利用强度指数每增加一个单位,碳储量分别由规划控制前减少0.50 Tg变为增加0.62Tg。据此得出结论,合理调整土地利用结构、加强规划管理可以降低生态系统碳储量对土地利用变化的脆弱性。最后,针对研究中存在的一些不足之处,提出了进一步研究的建议。     

Evaluation of non-point source pollution reduction by applying Best Management Practices using a SWAT model and QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery

This study evaluated the reduction e ect of non-point source pollution by applying best management practices (BMPs) to a 1.21 km2 small agricultural watershed using a SWAT (Soil andWater Assessment Tool) model. Two meter QuickBird land use data were prepared for the watershed. The SWAT was calibrated and validated using daily streamflow and monthly water quality (total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and suspended solids (SS)) records from 1999 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2002. The average Nash and Sutcli e model e ciency was 0.63 for the streamflow and the coe cients of determination were 0.88, 0.72, and 0.68 for SS, TN, and TP, respectively. Four BMP scenarios viz. the application of vegetation filter strip and riparian bu er system, the regulation of Universal Soil Loss Equation P factor, and the fertilizing control amount for crops were applied and analyzed.     

Ecotoxicological assessment of di use pollution using biomonitoring tool for sustainable land use in Thailand

As a developing country, Thailand has a significant issue with di use pollution of the soil ecosystem due to an indiscriminate use of agrichemicals and poorly regulated disposal of a wide variety of hazardous wastes. Practical risk assessment tools based on locallyoccurring species are needed to assess the e ects of di use pollutants on the soil ecosystem in Thailand because reliance on soil criteria developed for overseas conditions may provide inadequate protection. Native soil organisms in Thailand may be more or less sensitive to contaminants compared to overseas test species. This article described a biological indicator approach for ecological risk assessment of di use pollution in the soil ecosystem of Thailand from pesticide application with the aim of developing standardized protocols using native species and locally generated data to better evaluate the ecological risks of non-point source soil pollution. It was found that ecotoxicological assessment provided a better understanding of the ecological impacts that di use pollution induced on Thai environmental conditions. Thai soil biota species were more sensitive to soil contaminants than similar species overseas. Soil series also had an influence on the ecotoxicology of contaminants to soil biota. Collembolan, Cyphoderus sp., was demonstrated as a useful alternative test species to Folsomia candida (international test species) for terrestrial ecotoxicological testing of Thai soils. In addition, the soil biota activities such as soil respiration and earthworm avoidance including soil biodiversity and the litter bag decomposition technique are also good tools to assess the e ects of di use pollution by pesticides on the soil ecosystem of Thailand.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

Cannabis use and self-reported collisions in a representative sample of adult drivers

PROBLEM: This study examines the relationships between collision involvement and several measures of cannabis use, including driving after using cannabis, among drivers, based on a population survey of Ontario adults in 2002 and 2003. METHOD: Logistic regression analyses examined self-reported collision involvement in the last 12 months by lifetime use of cannabis, past year use of cannabis, and past year driving after using cannabis, while controlling for demographic characteristics. RESULTS: We found that the odds of reporting collision involvement was significantly higher among cannabis users, and among those who reported driving after cannabis use. Some evidence for a dose-response relationship was seen as well. DISCUSSION: Cannabis users and people who report driving after cannabis use are also more likely to report being involved in a collision in the past year. These observations suggest that collision prevention efforts could be aimed at these groups. Additional work to determine the causal pathways involved in the relationships observed here is needed. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: None.     

Screening for a new Streptomyces strain capable of e cient keratin degradation

Keratinous wastes could be degraded by some microorganisms in nature. Native human foot skin （NHFS） was used as sole nitrogen source to screen microorganisms with keratin-degrading capability. From approximately 200 strains, a strain of Streptomyces sp. strain No. 16 was found to possess the strongest keratinolytic activity, and the total activity in the culture was 110 KU/ml with specific activity of 2870 KU/mg protein （KU： keratinase unit）. Substrate specificity test indicated that the crude keratinase could degrade keratin azure, human hair, cock feathers and collagen. The optimal pH of the crude keratinase ranged from 7.5 to 10 and the temperature ranged from 40℃ to 55℃. Metal chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid obviously stimulated the keratinolytic activity but suppressed the proteolytic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report on specific induction of keratinases by NHFS from an actinomycete. Moreover, excellent characteristics of its crude keratinase may lead to the potential application in waste treatment and recovery, poultry and leather industry, medicine, and cosmetic development.