基于Web的油气集输联合站变更管理信息系统设计与实现

为了完善采油厂实现油气集输联合站变更管理的信息化,减少变更活动中人工操作的工作量。提出了基于Web的变更管理系统架构方案,并运用Java技术及SQL数据库技术研发出变更管理信息系统。系统能够实现变更申请审批、变更风险评估、变更现场监督、变更历史记录查询以及变更作业票管理等功能,并在某油田多个油气集输联合站得到应用。应用结果表明,基于Web的变更管理系统具有较好的现场应用性,能够切实提高联合站变更管理的效率,有效地发挥变更管理在规章制度更新、过程工艺改进以及工作场所变化等方面的优势,从而通过进一步完善联合站安全管理体系,最终为企业安全生产提供工具化支持。     

江苏省工业污染排放特征及其成因分析

采用环境库兹涅茨曲线模型模拟江苏省1991年以来经济增长和工业污染之间的动态演进关系,应用分解分析法对2001～2004年间部分污染物排放变化的成因进行了定量分析.结果表明,江苏省工业污染排放量和人均GDP之间的关系类型有U型、倒U型、U型+倒U型以及N型4种,目前大部分污染物呈增长态势.将污染物排放变化的成因分为规模效应、结构效应和广义技术效应3类,结果显示,规模效应促进污染物排放量增加,结构效应和广义技术效应的作用方向不确定,但广义技术效应对污染物控制有决定性作用,强力的环境政策和管理措施能够有效地控制污染物排放.     

流域氮素主要输出途径及变化特征

流域农业面源输出氮素是湖泊流域水体中氮的主要来源之一,对水环境安全造成了极大威胁.不同流域间地形、水文、植被覆盖等因子的差异及气象条件的变化,造成氮的输出途径具有流域异质性及时间变化特征.本研究以高原湖泊典型流域——凤羽河流域为例,基于2011-06~2013-05期间径流水量、水质高频监测数据,应用基流分割的方法,通过分析流域产流与氮素输出途径的季节性变化,探讨了流域氮素输出的主要途径及变化特征.结果表明,基流是高原湖泊流域水量输出的主要形式和总氮输出的主要途径;基流输出水量及总氮负荷分别占流域总输出水量的80. 0%和流域总氮输负荷的71. 1%;降雨显著增加了流域水量和总氮负荷的输出量,同时改变了总氮的输出途径;降雨导致地表径流量增加,进而使流域输出水量和总氮输出负荷中地表径流途径的比重升高;当地表径流占流域输出水量的比重约达40%以上时,流域总氮输出的主要途径由基流转变为地表径流;监测周期内,地表径流输出的总氮负荷占流域总输出负荷的比重最高达65. 6%.     

Optimizing Messaging to Reduce Red Meat Consumption

Red meat production has a range of negative environmental impacts. We sought to characterize the motivations, environmental attitudes and demographics of red meat-eaters, and examine the effect of message framing in reducing future meat consumption. Canadian adult meat-eaters (593) completed a survey and were randomly assigned to one of six message treatments that presented information on the environmental impacts of meat production using frames representing social norms and/or place identity constructs. Taste and quality were the most important motivators for eating meat, while moral/ethical factors were the least. Forty-nine percent of respondents indicated they would reduce red meat intake after exposure to an information only message, while the social norms frame was more effective than others (χ2). Awareness of the environmental effects increased significantly after messaging for all 13 impacts. These findings should assist communicators with designing more effective messaging aimed at encouraging pro-environmental behaviours associated with meat consumption.     

Unintended Effects of Emphasizing the Role of Climate Change in Recent Natural Disasters

In 2017, the United States experienced a series of natural hazards (hurricanes, wildfires, and blizzards) that resulted in significant loss of life and property. Emphasizing the role of climate change in these events might offer an important tool for engagement, particularly with skeptical audiences. However, in a survey experiment (N?=?1504) involving three different natural hazards – hurricanes, wildfires, and blizzards – we find that emphasizing the role of climate change in these hazards produced unintended effects for climate change skeptics. In particular, skeptics experienced resistance to the news article, which associated with reduced perceived hazard severity. These backfiring effects likely serve as a defensive mechanism used by skeptics to maintain their prior views of climate change, illustrating the challenges faced in communicating climate change to skeptical audiences. These findings offer additional insight for those attempting to communicate climate-related risk information to skeptical audiences.     

Psychological Reactance From Reading Basic Facts on Climate Change: The Role of Prior Views and Political Identification

Scholars continue to search for solutions to shift climate change skeptics’ views on climate science and policy. However, research has shown that certain audiences are resistant to change regarding environmental issues. To explore this issue further, we examine the presence of reactance among different audiences in response to simple, yet prominently used, climate change messages. Our results show that emphasizing the scientific consensus of climate change produces reactance, but only among people who question the existence of climate change. Moreover, adding political identification to the model as an additional moderating variable shows the increases in reactance occur among Republicans who question the existence of climate change. Finally, our results show that reactance to climate change messaging may lead to backfiring effects on important outcomes tied to climate change such as risk perceptions, climate change beliefs, and support for mitigation policies.     

Framing of Geoengineering Affects Support for Climate Change Mitigation

The growing recognition that climate change mitigation alone will be inadequate has led scientists and policymakers to discuss climate geoengineering. An experiment with a US sample found, contrary to previous research, that reading about geoengineering did not reduce conservatives’ skepticism about the existence of anthropogenic climate change. Moreover, depending on how it is framed, geoengineering can reduce support for mitigation among both conservatives and non-conservatives. When geoengineering is framed as a major solution, people worry less about climate change, leading to reduced mitigation support. When framed as disastrous, people perceived geoengineering as riskier, also leading to a decrease in mitigation support. A more moderate framing of geoengineering as a partial solution is less susceptible to moral hazard effects. Overall, results suggest that geoengineering will not lessen political polarization over anthropogenic climate change, and could undercut support for mitigation efforts. Instead, framing geoengineering as a small piece to solving a big puzzle seems to be the best strategy to weaken this potential moral hazard.     

周边土地利用类型对川西平原西河氮素的影响

以四川盆地西部典型农业小流域为研究区,于2015年3月~2016年2月持续监测河流氮素（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TN）和pH,结合遥感解译、地理信息系统和相关性分析等技术,探讨了监测断面周边流域土地利用类型与河流氮素及pH值的关系.结果表明,研究区河流氮素浓度的季节变化均表现为冬季最高（2.063mg/L）、春秋次之（1.536mg/L;1.432mg/L）、夏季最低（1.085mg/L）,同时月均NO₃^--N浓度（0.891mg/L）显著高于NH₄⁺-N（0.425mg/L）（P<0.01）,且NO₃^--N受到典型土地利用类型的显著影响.随着缓冲区半径的增加,耕地、城乡建设用地和水域的面积与NO₃^--N和TN浓度相关性逐渐降低,且在250m缓冲区内,城乡建设用地面积与NO₃^--N浓度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;交通运输用地面积与所有氮组分的相关性均增大,且在750m缓冲区内,交通运输用地面积与NO₃^--N和TN浓度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.城乡建设用地和交通运输用地可能是河流NO₃^--N的"源".     

东北地区典型农区土地利用变化对农业扩张和气候变化的响应研究

大规模的农业扩张和全球气候变化导致东北地区发生剧烈的土地利用/土地覆盖变化。本研究分析了研究区1976—2008年的土地利用变化和生长季各月气温的变化趋势,并结合农业扩张程度,探究LUCC对农业扩张和气候变化的响应,为指导农业发展规划和保障国家粮食安全提供理论依据。结果表明,1976—2008年农田面积逐步增加,生长季气温一直呈上升趋势。1976—2001年生长季气温的上升趋势不稳定,气温变化程度较大;2001—2008年,农业扩张放缓,生长季气温上升趋势显著,且上升趋势一直增加,气温变化比上一时期更稳定;且这两个时期农业扩张和气候变化对土地利用强度的影响在南北和东西方向上均存在明显差异。     

西安市大气中二元羧酸有机气溶胶组成及来源

为研究西安市冬季大气PM10中二元羧酸类有机气溶胶的组成和来源,采集了西安市2009年1~2月份的PM10样品,并利用GC/MS对样品中二元羧酸进行了化学表征.结果表明:西安市冬季大气中二元羧酸总浓度为(1597±725)ng/m3,其中草酸浓度最高[(1162±570)ng/m3],其次是邻苯二甲酸[(196±82)ng/m3]、丁二酸[(98±71)ng/m3]和丙二酸[(58±45)ng/m3].西安市二元羧酸浓度高于北京、南京、广州、香港等城市14%~350%,表明其污染严重,其中草酸相对含量远高于国内其他城市,显示西安市冬季大气气溶胶更为老化.C3/C4, C6/C9和Ph/C9比值及其相关性进一步表明二元羧酸主要来自光化学氧化.通过对水溶性有机碳(WSOC), 有机碳(OC), 元素碳(EC), 二次有机碳(SOC)的分析,发现WSOC主要来自于二次有机碳(SOC)的形成.另外,温度升高,相对湿度增加,导致春节后尽管燃煤排放污染物减少,但二元羧酸浓度并无降低,而相对含量较节前却显著增加.