Fragmented forest in tropical landscape--the case of the state of Selangor,Malaysia

This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades.In this study,inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 1971/1972,1981/1982 and 1991/1992 produced by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia were digitized to examine the changes in area and number of fragmented forest.Results showed that in 1971/1972,16 fragmented forests were identified in Selangor.All fragmented forests were identified as diptercoarp forest.A decade later the number of fragmented forests increased by approximately 44%(23).Of the 23 fragmented forests,two were peat swamp forests whereas the remaining were dipterocarp forests.In 1991/1992 the number of fragmented forests(12)was reduced by 47.8%.Two of the fragmented forests were Fragmentation of both dipterocrp and peat swamp forests occurred profoundly during the period between 1971/1972and 1981/1982,which consequently increased the number of fragmented forests compared with before the period of 1971/1972 where fragmentation happened only at dipterocarp forests.However,many fragmented forests vanished between the 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 periods.     

基于神经网络的红树林景观特性遥感提取技术研究

利用神经网络法对广西山口红树林保护区2003年1月8日获取的Landsat TM 卫星图像进行分类.Landsat TM5卫星数据的3、4、5假彩色合成图像空间分辨率比较好,影像层次丰富,地物界限清晰.因此,采用3、4、5波段作为输入层.经过目视判读和现场调查,将输出层单元设置为5个,包括是红树林、陆地植被、裸地(其他建筑用地)、水体和虾池.经过流程实际运算和精度对比,设定训练阈值的贡献是0.9,训练率是0.2,训练次数是1000,最大个体允许误差为0.1.分类精度达到86.86%,高于最大似然分类(50.79%)和光谱角分类精度(75.39%),从而最终获取红树林生态系统的景观格局指标.结果显示研究区红树林均匀度(1.7789)和聚集度指数(0.6854)较高;红树林种类的优势度指数是-1.5850,为弱势群体;红树林的斑块破碎化指数是0.0325,破碎化程度较低.     

Community richness and stability in agricultural landscapes: The importance of surrounding habitats

In this paper, the role played by habitat diversity in the landscape on species richness and on the stability of farmland bird communities was investigated. Species richness was estimated on 374 samples monitored in farmland by the French breeding bird survey during the 2001–2005 period. A capture–recapture approach was used to estimate species richness accounting for the variation in detection probability among species of the 100 most common species detected in farmland. Landscape structure and composition were measured both in farmland and in adjacent habitats. The independent effect of each variable on community richness and stability was further assessed using hierarchical variance partitioning and taking spatial autocorrelation into account. A strong matrix effect was detected: non-cropped land deeply influenced richness and stability of bird assemblages.     

武钢工业区绿地景观评价方法研究

工业企业的绿地在改善生态环境的同时,也有利于提高企业的形象,带动企业的有形和无形资产增值,因此,其景观质量不容忽视.采用科学的方法对工业区绿地的景观质量进行评价有助于更好的指导绿地建设.文章以武汉钢铁集团公司所属工业区绿地为研究对象,在对绿地结构进行全面调查的基础上,将绿地分为办公区绿地、车间防护绿地、厂区游园绿地和生活区绿地,在各功能区绿地内,分别选四种典型的绿地结构模式,确定相应的评价指标体系,采用频率统计和主成分分析结合的方法,对绿地的美学效益进行评价.最佳景观的配置模式为:办公绿地为小乔 小灌木 地被;车间防护绿地为小乔 小灌木;厂区游园绿地为乔木 灌木;生活区绿地为大乔 大灌木 草坪.     

Landscape ecological characteristics in temporal changes of riverside open space in urbanized area

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Watershed protection and landscape enhancement by utilization of river water

A scheme for watershed protection and landscape enhaneement(WPLE) by utilization of fiver water was proposed to renovate water resources and protect ecological environment in Qiongshan City, Hainan Province, China. Utilization of fiver water may diminish the drought and flood risks. The scheme is benefieial to solve the problems of water resources shortage, groundwater declines and saltwater intrusion in the watershed. The object of the WPLE scheme is to aehieve a sustainable integrated development of environment, ecology, economy and society.A kind of physieally beautiful and funetionally vivid landscape may exert its synthetieal funetion on the diversity of landscape and the enjoyment of inhabitants. Feasibility of the scheme will be demonstrated by more exoeriments and tests, as well as observations in a long term.     

校园绿地系统景观生态异质性分析与质量评价

针对南京大学浦口新校园的生态景观实际，依据景观生态异质性原理，对校园绿地系统做出了景观生态定量分析和质量评价，结果表明绿地斑块丰富度不足，景观多样性较差和绿地廊道密度不够是存在的主要生态环境问题，是导致新建校园生态质量不高的主要因子，为了有效解决这些生态问题，本文对南京大学校园绿地系统今后进行优化和改建，提出了建设性的意见和修改方案。     

Risk Assessment of Riparian Plant Invasions into Protected Areas

Abstract:  Protected areas are becoming increasingly isolated. River corridors represent crucial links to the surrounding landscape but are also major conduits for invasion of alien species. We developed a framework to assess the risk that alien plants in watersheds adjacent to a protected area will invade the protected area along rivers. The framework combines species- and landscape-level approaches and has five key components: (1) definition of the geographical area of interest, (2) delineation of the domain into ecologically meaningful zones, (3) identification of the appropriate landscape units, (4) categorization of alien species and mapping of their distribution and abundance, and (5) definition of management options. The framework guides the determination of species distribution and abundance through successive, easily followed steps, providing the means for the assessment of areas of concern. We applied the framework to Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa. We recorded 231 invasive alien plant species (of which 79 were major invaders) in the domain. The KNP is facing increasing pressure from alien species in the upper regions of the drainage areas of neighboring watersheds. On the basis of the climatic modeling, we showed that most major riparian invaders have the ability to spread across the KNP should they be transported down the rivers. With this information, KNP managers can identify areas for proactive intervention, monitoring, and resource allocation. Even for a very large protected area such as the KNP, sustainable management of biodiversity will depend heavily on the response of land managers upstream managing alien plants. We suggest that this framework is applicable to plants and other passively dispersed species that invade protected areas situated at the end of a drainage basin.     

关于景观的保护问题

景观作为自然与人类相互作用的一个基本单位，目前正在发生剧烈的变化。许多传统的文化建筑和土地利用方式和格局正在走向衰亡，景观的多样性和丰富性受到前所未有的威胁，常常被千篇一律的大片单调的景色所代替。本文主要讨论下列三个问题：景观的基本含义及其保护，景观保护的主要任务；景观保护是区域发展的基础。     

Utility of Dynamic-Landscape Metapopulation Models for Sustainable Forest Management

Abstract:  We evaluated the utility of combining metapopulation models with landscape-level forest-dynamics models to assess the sustainability of forest management practices. We used the Brown Creeper ( Certhia americana ) in the boreal forests of northern Ontario as a case study. We selected the Brown Creeper as a potential indicator of sustainability because it is relatively common in the region but is dependent on snags and old trees for nesting and foraging; hence, it may be sensitive to timber harvesting. For the modeling we used RAMAS Landscape, a software package that integrates RAMAS GIS, population-modeling software, and LANDIS, forest-dynamics modeling software. Predictions about the future floristic composition and structure of the landscape under a variety of management and natural disturbance scenarios were derived using LANDIS. We modeled eight alternative forest management scenarios, ranging in intensity from no timber harvesting and a natural fire regime to intensive timber harvesting with salvage logging after fire. We predicted the response of the Brown Creeper metapopulation over a 160-year period and used future population size and expected minimum population size to compare the sustainability of the various management scenarios. The modeling methods were easy to apply and model predictions were sensitive to the differences among management scenarios, indicating that these methods may be useful for assessing and ranking the sustainability of forest management options. Primary concerns about the method are the practical difficulties associated with incorporating fire stochasticity in prediction uncertainty and the number of model assumptions that must be made and tested with sensitivity analysis. We wrote new software to help quantify the contribution of landscape stochasticity to model prediction uncertainty.