汕头市练江流域景观格局与水质的关联分析

水环境对景观格局的变化极为敏感,水域(湿地)面积、分布格局、水质、水文特征等的变化,与土地变化和人类活动有着密切的关系,明确影响水质变化的关键景观因子,对于深入了解景观格局对水质的影响机制具有重要的研究价值.该研究选择广东省汕头市练江流域为研究对象,以2019年TM卫星影像、水质监测以及工业点源污染数据为基础,利用Sp...     

青山湖流域景观格局对河流氮磷营养盐影响的时空尺度效应

景观格局对水质的影响具有时空尺度依赖性,然而不同空间尺度下景观组成、景观配置及景观坡度对季节性水质的影响程度仍然不甚明了. 基于青山湖流域26个监测点的总氮、总磷、硝态氮和铵态氮数据,采用景观格局分析、冗余分析和偏冗余分析方法定量景观格局对河流氮磷营养盐影响的时空尺度效应. 结果表明：①子流域尺度内景观格局对河流氮磷浓度的解释力比在缓冲区尺度上高6.8%~8.4%,且这种作用在干季更明显. ②在子流域尺度,林地占比和居民地的散布分裂程度对河流氮磷浓度影响较大;而缓冲区尺度上,农田和居民地分布的坡度以及林地斑块的聚集度是影响氮磷浓度的关键因子. ③景观配置对河流氮磷浓度变化的独立贡献率（20.1%~36.5%）高于景观组成（4.1%~14.5%）和景观坡度（5.5%~23.7%）的独立贡献率,且景观配置对河流氮磷浓度影响随季节变化的敏感度最高,而景观坡度对河流氮磷浓度影响具有更高的空间尺度敏感性. 因此,通过景观格局调控非点源污染应从多尺度角度考虑. 研究结果可从宏观上为制定以非点源污染控制为目标的景观格局优化措施提供科学依据.     

Multimethod,multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves

In many cases, the first step in large‐carnivore management is to obtain objective, reliable, and cost‐effective estimates of population parameters through procedures that are reproducible over time. However, monitoring predators over large areas is difficult, and the data have a high level of uncertainty. We devised a practical multimethod and multistate modeling approach based on Bayesian hierarchical‐site‐occupancy models that combined multiple survey methods to estimate different population states for use in monitoring large predators at a regional scale. We used wolves (Canis lupus) as our model species and generated reliable estimates of the number of sites with wolf reproduction (presence of pups). We used 2 wolf data sets from Spain (Western Galicia in 2013 and Asturias in 2004) to test the approach. Based on howling surveys, the naïve estimation (i.e., estimate based only on observations) of the number of sites with reproduction was 9 and 25 sites in Western Galicia and Asturias, respectively. Our model showed 33.4 (SD 9.6) and 34.4 (3.9) sites with wolf reproduction, respectively. The number of occupied sites with wolf reproduction was 0.67 (SD 0.19) and 0.76 (0.11), respectively. This approach can be used to design more cost‐effective monitoring programs (i.e., to define the sampling effort needed per site). Our approach should inspire well‐coordinated surveys across multiple administrative borders and populations and lead to improved decision making for management of large carnivores on a landscape level. The use of this Bayesian framework provides a simple way to visualize the degree of uncertainty around population‐parameter estimates and thus provides managers and stakeholders an intuitive approach to interpreting monitoring results. Our approach can be widely applied to large spatial scales in wildlife monitoring where detection probabilities differ between population states and where several methods are being used to estimate different population parameters.     

Scale dependency in effectiveness,isolation, and social‐ecological spillover of protected areas

Protected areas are considered vital for the conservation of biodiversity. Given their central role in many conservation strategies, it is important to know whether they adequately protect biodiversity within their boundaries; whether they are becoming more isolated from other natural areas over time; and whether they play a role in facilitating or reducing land‐cover change in their surroundings. We used matching methods and national and local analyses of land‐cover change to evaluate the combined effectiveness (i.e., avoided natural‐cover loss), isolation (i.e., changes in adjacent areas), and spillover effects (i.e., impacts on adjacent areas) of 19 national parks in South Africa from 2000 to 2009. All parks had either similar or lower rates of natural‐cover loss than matched control samples. On a national level, mean net loss of natural cover and mean net gain of cultivation cover decreased with distance from park boundary, but there was considerable variation in trends around individual parks, providing evidence for both increased isolation and buffering of protected areas. Fourteen parks had significant positive spillover and reduced natural‐cover loss in their surroundings, whereas five parks experienced elevated levels of natural‐cover loss. Conclusions about social‐ecological spillover effects from protected areas depended heavily on the measures of land‐cover change used and the scale at which the results were aggregated. Our findings emphasize the need for high‐resolution data when assessing spatially explicit phenomena such as land‐cover change and challenge the usefulness of large‐scale (coarse grain, broad extent) studies for understanding social‐ecological dynamics around protected areas.     

Landscape connectivity: A conservation application of graph theory

We use focal-species analysis to apply a graph-theoretic approach to landscape connectivity in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In doing so we demonstrate the utility of a mathematical graph as an ecological construct with respect to habitat connectivity. Graph theory is a well established mainstay of information technology and is concerned with highly efficient network flow. It employs fast algorithms and compact data structures that are easily adapted to landscape-level focal species analysis. American mink (Mustela vison) and prothonotary warblers (Protonotaria citrea) share the same habitat but have different dispersal capabilities, and therefore provide interesting comparisons on connections in the landscape. We built graphs using GIS coverages to define habitat patches and determined the functional distance between the patches with least-cost path modeling. Using graph operations concerned with edge and node removal we found that the landscape is fundamentally connected for mink and fundamentally unconnected for prothonotary warblers. The advantage of a graph-theoretic approach over other modeling techniques is that it is a heuristic framework which can be applied with very little data and improved from the initial results. We demonstrate the use of graph theory in a metapopulation context, and suggest that graph theory as applied to conservation biology can provide leverage on applications concerned with landscape connectivity.     

新疆天山天池风景名胜区天池景区景观相融性评价

新疆天山天池风景名胜区是国家重点风景名胜区之一,天池景区是天山天地风景名胜区的精华景区和主要游览区。本文运用“山岳风景资源开发环境影响评价指标体系”,对景区内现有建筑和详细规划的拟建项目的景观相融性进行了评价,结果表明：天池景区现有景观的景观相融性普遍较低,规划中拟建景观的景观相融性仍不够高。要保护天地景区的峻峭山体、秀丽湖水等自然景观,必须对已建或拟建项目做进一步规划调整,对不协调的项目应予以整修或拆除。     

酸性硫酸盐土的景观诊断及时空分布与演替模式

酸性硫酸盐土的发育与分布存在着较大的时空变异,表现为空问分布的不连续性、发育时间的间断性、环境影响的级联性以及开发利用的风险性,因此往往给实际利用带来较大的困难。本文对酸性硫酸盐士的形成与发育特点、野外景观生态诊断以及酸性硫酸盐土的时空分布与演替模式等方面进行探讨,旨在使人们正确地认识酸性硫酸盐土,以便更有效地利用这类土地资源。     

基于GIS的港口总体规划景观生态学分析

以营口港为例,基于GIS的港口总体规划景观结构分析,结合景观生态学指数,分析了港口地区景观结构在规划实施前后的特征及其变化,并探讨了港区景观结构变化对海岸带生态过程可能产生的影响.结果显示,营口港规划的实施将不会从根本上改变当地海岸带生态系统的景观特性,但仍可能产生一定的影响,主要表现为人工类型斑块面积及其所占比例将有较大幅度的增长,人工类型斑块的破碎度指数略有下降,其分布将更趋于一体化.研究还表明,在GIS的支持下,进行港口总体规划的景观结构分析完全可行,有助于分析港口建设所可能产生的景观生态学效应,值得进一步研究和探讨.      

基于遥感和GIS的景观尺度的区域生态健康评价——以海湾城市新区为例

依据PSR概念模型,建立了景观尺度的区域生态健康评价指标体系.以2004年SPOT5影像及其派生数据作为基础信息源,在遥感和GIS技术支持下获取了生态健康评价相关宏观生态指标,评价的指标体系划分为5个等级.采用空间单元网格(2km×2km)作为评价单元,借助GIS的空间分析功能制作出各单项指标和综合指标的空间分布图,并完成对区域生态健康自综合评价.得到了区域生态健康的空间分布,综合评价结果划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、不健康和疾病5个等级.结果表明,生态健康处于亚健康及其以下类型的面积占整个区域的52.76%,生态系统退化有在整个研究区域蔓延的趋势.     

快速城市化对区域生态环境影响的时空过程及评价

综合景观生态学与地统计学方法,尝试构建基于"遥感(RS)数据分类→土地利用变化制图→景观格局分析→GIS地统计分析"的区域环境影响评价方法,定量研究了区域环境变化的时空变化特征.案例研究采用2000、2004和2006年遥感数据,监测快速城市化背景下连云港港湾地区城市用地扩张特征、盐田湿地损失、填海造地(港口扩建等)以及耕地退化等关键的区域环境变化,分析评价了区域景观格局特征和生态环境效应,进而评价了快速城市化背景下区域环境影响强度的时空分异.在城市规划和区域发展战略驱动下,整个区域环境影响强度分布及变化规律与城市扩张强度与方向基本一致,高环境影响强度区是受人类干扰最大、生态系统最脆弱以及环境被破坏程度最深的部分,也是当前和未来进行环境调控重点地区.