常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式

选择常熟地区代表性乡村,对农户庭院植物多样性和配置模式进行研究,分析其植物物种组成和多样性,并利用TW INSPAN分类方法,研究了庭院植物配置类型与模式。结果表明:在对281个户级庭院调查中,170户庭院中栽种植物,111户庭院中无任何绿化,共栽种植物151种(含变种、栽培品种),隶属58科116属;庭院植物配置可划分为4种庭院类型和10种配置模式;植物的层次结构对于多样性指数影响较大,植物配置模式的结构越丰富、复杂,其物种多样性指数越高。认为观赏性植物成为庭院的主体植物,观赏功能成为庭院植物的主要功能;庭院内有效绿化面积不足,单位面积植物生态效益较低;乡土植物景观建设与物种多样性保护有待于进一步加强。     

中国工业园区低碳发展路径研究

中国政府承诺CO₂排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。在工业部门深化应对气候变化和全面推进绿色转型的背景下,数量庞大的工业园区已然成为"十四五"乃至今后一个时期工业领域实现科学、精准碳减排的关键靶点。本研究首先剖析了中国工业园区低碳发展面临的挑战与机遇;进而以2015年为基准年,面向2035和2050年美丽中国建设两阶段战略目标,研究提出了工业园区碳减排的目标、路径和潜力,以期为园区深化低碳发展提供决策参考。研究显示,2015年中国工业园区CO₂排放总量约为28亿吨,占全国总排放量的31%。通过产业结构调整、能效提升、能源结构优化、碳捕集等低碳路径,2015-2050年全国园区预期可减排CO₂ 18亿吨,在2015年基础上减排60%以上;其中,2015-2035年减排8亿吨,2035-2050年减排10亿吨。     

Ignoring the irrelevant: auditory tolerance of audible but innocuous sounds in the bat-detecting ears of moths

Noctuid moths listen for the echolocation calls of hunting bats and respond to these predator cues with evasive flight. The African bollworm moth, Helicoverpa armigera, feeds at flowers near intensely singing cicadas, Platypleura capensis, yet does not avoid them. We determined that the moth can hear the cicada by observing that both of its auditory receptors (A1 and A2 cells) respond to the cicada's song. The firing response of the A1 cell rapidly adapts to the song and develops spike periods in less than a second that are in excess of those reported to elicit avoidance flight to bats in earlier studies. The possibility also exists that for at least part of the day, sensory input in the form of olfaction or vision overrides the moth's auditory responses. While auditory tolerance appears to allow H. armigera to exploit a food resource in close proximity to acoustic interference, it may render their hearing defence ineffective and make them vulnerable to predation by bats during the evening when cicadas continue to sing. Our study describes the first field observation of an eared insect ignoring audible but innocuous sounds.     

Why do <Emphasis Type="Italic">Manduca sexta</Emphasis> feed from white flowers? Innate and learnt colour preferences in a hawkmoth

Flower colour is an important signal used by flowering plants to attract pollinators. Many anthophilous insects have an innate colour preference that is displayed during their first foraging bouts and which could help them locate their first nectar reward. Nevertheless, learning capabilities allow insects to switch their colour preferences with experience and thus, to track variation in floral nectar availability. Manduca sexta, a crepuscular hawkmoth widely studied as a model system for sensory physiology and behaviour, visits mostly white, night-blooming flowers lacking UV reflectance throughout its range in the Americas. Nevertheless, the spectral sensitivity of the feeding behaviour of naïve moths shows a narrow peak around 450 nm wavelengths, suggesting an innate preference for the colour blue. Under more natural conditions (i.e. broader wavelength reflectance) than in previous studies, we used dual choice experiments with blue- and white-coloured feeders to investigate the innate preference of naïve moths and trained different groups to each colour to evaluate their learning capabilities. We confirmed the innate preference of M. sexta for blue and found that these moths were able to switch colour preferences after training experience. These results unequivocally demonstrate that M. sexta moths innately prefer blue when presented against white flower models and offer novel experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that learning capabilities could be involved in their foraging preferences, including their widely observed attraction to white flowers in nature.     

Corporate environmental responsibility in the supply chain

A continuing trend in outsourcing increases the complexity of supply chains. Global supply chains extend over numerous echelons of countless companies. In parallel, the company-internal view on corporate environmental responsibility is being challenged as customers and legislation alike broaden a company's environmental responsibility to include organisations' upstream as well as downstream in the supply chain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine corporate environmental responsibility beyond corporate boundaries, i.e. in the supply chain. A cross-industrial study based on 16 case studies in Finnish trans-national corporations sheds light on various dimensions of corporate environmental responsibility upstream and downstream of product and process supply chains. Conclusions were drawn for corporate environmental responsibility as well as for the role of supply chain management in extending environmental demand over several echelons and diverse industries.     

Profiling of microbial communities in a bioreactor for treating hydrocarbon-sulfide-containing wastewater

A technology of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE)was used to profile the structure and dynamic changes of microbial communities in a bioreactor for treating hydrocarbon-sulfide-containing(HSC)wastewater.The results showed that the heterotrophic genus of Acinetobacter and the autotrophic genera of Thiobacillus and Thiomonas could survive well in all of three operating conditions.Some special genera were also observed with changes of micro-ecoenvironment in the rea...     

东洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性分析

选取2005年东洞庭湖湿地的遥感影像,利用GIS技术、MapInfo Professional7.0 SCP软件和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,应用景观生态学的理论和方法,对东洞庭湖湿地景观空间结构的完整性进行了分析。结果表明：（1）区域内斑块分维数相差不大,但沼泽和库塘湿地受人为干扰明显且形状规则,其分维数趋近于1。（2）区域内湿地景观类型体系中各类湿地所占比例差异不大,分配较均匀;多样性较低,优势度不明显;整个区域的破碎化程度较低,但各类景观类型破碎化程度差异明显,相对破坏性较大。（3）由于人类垦殖影响,斑块间隙指数较高。上述分析,为东洞庭湖湿地资源的开发和保护提供参阅资料和依据。     

浅论林业生产与生态环境建设

森林是陆地生态系统的主体。林业是一项重要的公益事业和基础产业,承担着生态建设和林产品供给的重要任务,做好林业工作意义十分重大。目前在林业生产中,环境没有得到应有的保护,造成生态环境恶化,反之又影响了林业生产,因此林业生产应当是在保护环境的前提下,采取多种办法解决问题,例如采取生态采伐、建立自然保护区、退耕还林、分类经营、林业体制改革等手段,既保护了生态环境又能使林业生产可持续发展。     

Allelopathic inhibition on red tide microalgae Skeletonema costatum by five macroalgal extracts

This study aims to identify effective antialgal allelochemicals from marine macroalgae that inhibit the growth of red tide microalgae. Practically, new algicidal agents were developed to control red tide. The growth inhibitory effects of 5 marine macroalgae Porphyra tenera, Laminaria japonica, Ulva pertusa, Enteromorpha clathrata, and Undaria pinnatifida on Skeletonema costatum were evaluated by adding crude seawater extracts of macroalgal dry tissue into the culture medium containing S. costatum. The half-effective concentrations at 120 h (EC_{50, 120 h}) of the seawater extracts were 0.6, 0.9, 1.0, 1.0, and 4.7 g/L for the five macroalgae above, respectively. E. clathrata, L. japonica and U. pertusa showed strong allelopathic effect on the growth of S. costatum. There have been no previous reports with regard to the allelopathic effects of the former two macroalgae so far. The possible allelochemicals of 21 compounds of the E. clathrata were detected using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Unsaturated fatty acids, acrylic acid (C₃H₄O₂), and linolenic acid (C₁₈H₃₀O₂) were the most likely allelochemicals in E. clathrata.     

经济-生态导向的城市人口空间分布优化——以无锡市区为例

城市人口分布格局不仅受经济就业、生活质量、通勤距离等自组织分布要素的引导,还受到政府管制和调控的制约,不可能完全通过自组织而实现人口分布的优化。因此,除了阐释人口分布的自组织变动机制和影响因素外,还迫切需要研究人口分布对经济社会与资源环境方面的综合影响,进而提出优化的人口空间格局。在大量查阅人口分布相关理论的基础上,研究了城市人口空间分布模式,提出了生态约束、生产挤占、生活集聚、效益综合、顾及现状等人口优化分布原则,并运用随机与目标函数方法,建立人口空间分布优化模型。以无锡市区为例,基于丰富的人口、经济、资源、环境资料,进行城市空间生态保护、生产开发、生活居住价值评价,通过模型运算,提出优化的人口空间分布格局,为无锡市区人口分布调控提供依据。