无损检测用X光底片伪缺陷的产生及防止方法

X光底片作为直接反映缺陷形状、大小、数量的媒介,它的质量好坏对于无损检测人员作出正确分析判断是极其重要的。总结了X光底片上伪缺陷产生的原因,并提出了相应的防止方法。     

某公路隧道病害成因分析与治理研究

通过对某公路隧道病害的现场调查,在对其主要病害进行分类的基础上,充分考虑隧道勘察、设计和施工因素,结合隧道应力分布和受载情况,分析了隧道病害的现状,根据裂缝的走向可将其分为纵向裂缝、斜向裂缝和环向裂缝。笔者认为,该病害产生原因主要是施工、设计及地质因素;提出的隧道病害整治措施是在充分了解隧道地质条件的情况下,应严把施工质量关。研究得到的隧道病害原因和治理预防措施,对相似病害的防治具有借鉴作用。     

易燃易爆工艺管线焊接缺陷安全评定——上海石化总厂工艺管线的安全评定及其缺陷的返修技术

本文以断裂力学为基础,以“合乎使用”为原则并依据流变应力理论,通过有效地解决无损检测,应力分析、缺陷分类及验收准则等方面所遇到的若干技术问题,对管道焊接缺陷进行了安全评定,正确地区分了严重缺陷和非严重缺陷,从而对评定管道焊接缺陷的严重性提出了一种既安全可靠又经济合理的工程处理法。这一方法已被成功地用于上海石化总厂,对其部分在役易燃易爆工艺管线进行了安全评定并解决了超标焊接缺陷的修复问题。     

浅议新疆甜菜制糖产品生态设计潜力

简要介绍了新疆制糖企业概况及产品生态设计的基本概念,分析了新疆甜菜制糖生产存在的主要问题,通过新疆开展制糖产品生态设计水平分析,找出新疆制糖企业在原料的品质和使用、工艺优化、技术设备更新、资源、能源循环与利用、企业管理等方面的差距,以此说明新疆甜菜制糖产品开展生态设计的潜力。     

Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.     

空间粒子辐射环境下石墨膜力学性能的演变规律

目的将石墨膜置于9×10^5~9×10^7 rad(Si)总剂量下获得辐射改性石墨膜材料,探讨空间粒子辐射作用下石墨膜拉伸强度的演变规律。方法采用SEM、XRD、煅烧分析及XPS等手段分析石墨膜的结构及成分。结果石墨膜为有序堆积的层状结构,层间距为0.3355 nm,碳的质量分数高达99.75%,挥发分的质量分数为0.04%,灰分的质量分数为0.21%,XPS只检测到C1s及O1s峰。石墨膜的平均热膨胀系数为负值,且其峰值仅为-1.33×10^-6/℃,具备出色的结构稳定性。空间粒子辐射环境模拟试验表明,随着辐射剂量的升高,石墨膜的拉伸强度逐渐衰减,在更高剂量辐射下,石墨膜的拉伸强度趋向稳定。通过Raman光谱仪对辐射石墨膜结构的分析,揭示了力学性能的演变机理。结论辐射石墨膜的拉伸强度与其缺陷含量有很大的相关性,未经过辐射的原始石墨膜的缺陷含量最低,其拉伸强度最大,随着石墨膜的缺陷含量逐渐增多,其拉伸强度逐渐降低。     

An examination of shared leadership configurations and their effectiveness in teams

A key challenge in the shared leadership literature has been a limited understanding of how multiple leadership activities are shared across team members and roles. We address this issue by conceptualizing and operationalizing shared leadership using both its content (i.e., what leadership roles are shared) and distribution (i.e., how leadership is shared across members and roles). In an exploratory study comprised of 129 work teams, we use latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify multiple shared leadership configurations that vary in the extent of sharing. Our second study of 103 MBA teams supports these findings and further (a) considers what shared leadership configurations have the greatest influence on team effectiveness, (b) examines the mediating role of teamwork processes, and (c) investigates the moderating role of temporal dispersion. We advance current research by demonstrating that shared leadership typically manifests in collective (i.e., members share all leadership roles) and distributed configurations (i.e., members hold one leadership role while other members hold other leadership roles), which has implications for team processes and effectiveness. Specifically, we show that collective configurations have higher team effectiveness (compared to distributed configurations) owing to improved teamwork processes and observe that these effects are more pronounced when temporal dispersion is high.     

基于SPH-FEM耦合法的含缺陷输气管道爆炸冲击响应研究

针对大口径埋地输气管道发生物理爆炸对并行含体积缺陷邻管的冲击行为,利用LS-DYNA和LS-PREPOST有限元软件建立基于光滑粒子流体动力学-有限单元法的管-土-炸药耦合模型,分析不同缺陷深度、不同缺陷表面积、不同缺陷位置和不同爆心距下邻管的动力响应;基于爆腔预估公式和峰值振速经验公式,验证了所建耦合模型的可靠性,并通过设计算例开展多工况分析。研究结果表明:迎爆面上的缺陷处为动力响应的热点区域,最大响应特征值（应力、位移与振速）位于缺陷中心处,随缺陷深度的增加或管间距的减小特征值增速由平缓到急剧;相比缺陷位置和表面尺寸对管道的扰动程度,缺陷深度和爆心距对管道的动力响应影响较大;在本研究的条件下,建议埋地并行输气管道的安全间距不应小于5.16 m,且腐蚀深度不大于管道壁厚的0.633 6倍。研究结果可为埋地输气管道极端灾害下的风险评估提供技术支撑,为并行管道可能的抗爆隔爆设计提供模拟数据支持。     

基于潜在分类模型的农田生态补偿标准测算——一个离散选择实验模型的实证

确立科学合理的生态标准是建立和提高社会主义生态文明的关键。本文对当前我国运用选择实验法对农田生态补偿标准估算多假设受访者同质性偏好的现状,运用潜在分类模型(Latent Class Model,LCM)研究武汉市不同类别特征的市民对农田生态服务价值的保有意愿情况,并进一步运用Gold Latent软件测算基于市民支付意愿的武汉市农田生态补偿标准。研究发现:193.5%的武汉市受访市民愿意为保有和改善农田生态系统的服务功能进行一定额度的农田生态补偿标准支付,但仍有部分比例的受访者对农田生态服务价值的全面认知还不够(如空气质量)。2武汉市不同受访市民对农田生态属性的偏好存在异质性,93%的受访市民属于正常偏好型。另有7%的受访市民属于空气质量偏好型。受访者的收入水平、对农田生态服务价值的意识程度和是否愿意进行一定额度的农田生态补偿支付三个变量是影响其类别归属的决定性因素。3正常偏好型和空气质量偏好型市民对于农田生态补偿的支付意愿分别为6 888.74元/hm~2和518.50元/hm~2,计算得到基于武汉市市民平均支付意愿的农田生态补偿标准为7 407.24元/hm~2。研究结果不仅可以为武汉市农田保护制定出更具针对性和合理的农田生态补偿标准提供初步的科学依据,还可以为农田生态补偿筹集到除了中央政府财政转移之外的来自于农田生态服务受益者的资金支付。     

Experimental investigation on the phase change material-based modular heat exchanger for thermal management of a building

A phase change material (PCM)-based flat plate modular heat exchanger for free cooling application, suitable for the diurnal temperature variation that prevails during the summer months of Bangalore city, India is designed and experimentally investigated. The flow and other parameters selected in the present study are meant to suit the accelerated charging of the PCM in the modular heat exchanger during the early morning hours, and to provide cool energy to the room during the daytime, by circulating the ambient air through the heat exchanger at a lower velocity. It is observed from the charging experiments that the decrease in the inlet air temperature has more influence in reducing the solidification time than the increase in the inlet air velocity. The heat exchanger designed in the present investigation is capable of maintaining the room temperature around 30°C for a longer duration of 8 hr when the heat load is 0.5 kW. It is suggested to design the modular heat exchanger with a surface area proportionate to the present heat exchanger size when the room heat load increases beyond 0.5 kW, in order to maintain a minimum comfortable temperature of 30°C in the room.