台湾地区VOCs污染控制法规、政策和标准

台湾地区已经制定了比较完善的挥发性有机物（VOCs）控制法规、政策和标准体系,并在VOCs控制方面取得了很好的效果.本文对台湾地区涉及VOCs控制的政策框架,包括行政管制措施和经济奖惩制度进行了完整的总结和分析,对我国大陆地区VOCs控制政策的制定和实施具有重要的参考价值.     

预抽煤层瓦斯区域防突效果检验指标临界值研究

瓦斯突出危险性预测是防治煤与瓦斯突出的关键环节,瓦斯突出预测指标的临界值是决定区域防突是否达标的重要参数。为了确定寺河矿西井区3号煤层的区域预抽后煤层瓦斯防突效果评价指标体系,以瓦斯突出综合作用假说为基础,通过现场采取原始煤样,并在密封煤样罐内达到吸附平衡,测定残余瓦斯含量和残余瓦斯压力的关系,研究了原煤瓦斯含量与瓦斯压力的关系及原煤中水分的对其影响规律,提出始突瓦斯压力对应的瓦斯含量作为评价指标的临界值为10 m3/t,并通过现场跟踪考察对得出的瓦斯含量临界值的可靠性进行了现场验证,结果表明,10 m3/t作为区域防突效果评价的临界指标是可靠的。     

Supporting waste and water management with proactive legal instruments

This study addresses the means local administrators and legislators in emerging economies dispose of to implement directives passed down to them by international environmental agreements. Specific reference is made to agreements and policies dealing with fresh water supply and waste management. Although the Johannesburg Summit asked that the proportion of people without access to drinking water and basic sanitation be halved by 2015, actions need to be developed on a local scale to reach the target. They need to consider the existence of supply limits for water and the subtle difference between sanitation and waste collection. The concepts of reactive and proactive legislation are confronted. Proactive legislation, already used in the industrialized World, is proposed to introduce new patterns of behavior into emerging economy communities. The proposed legal texts have the capacity to be self-fulfilling in the quest for local compliance with international targets.     

Is legislation a barrier to the sustainable management of game species? A case study of wild deer in Britain

Wild game management for hunting in Western society has become increasingly complex as stakeholders have multiplied and as ‘sustainability’ influences the contemporary debate. This paper questions whether the current legal framework for game management, which has evolved from early European civilisations to focus on ‘hunting rights’, is relevant to regulate the contemporary environmental, social and economic dimensions of wild game and their management. Employing a narrative analysis to focus on deer, the study identifies key legislative tenets and highlights the pertinence of historical laws to contemporary conflicts. The analysis suggests that current legislation is increasingly divergent from contemporary trends and has created inertia with respect to sustainable deer management. The paper offers four options to redress this: state intervention; voluntary collaboration; financial incentives; and establishing a legal responsibility for management. It is concluded that significant innovation is required in one or more of these four areas to facilitate the contemporary sustainable management of wild deer in Britain.     

PTR-MS measurements and analysis of models for the calculation of Henry's law constants of monosulfides and disulfides

Sulfides are known for their strong odor impact even at very low concentrations. Here, we report Henry’s law constants (HLCs) measured at the nanomolar concentration range in water for monosulfides (dimethylsulfide, ethylmethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, allylmethylsulfide) and disulfides (dimethyldisulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide) using a dynamic stripping technique coupled to Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). The experimental data were compared with literature values and to vapor/solubility calculations and their consistency was confirmed employing the extra-thermodynamic enthalpy-entropy compensation effect. Our experimental data are compatible with reported literature values, and they are typically lower than averaged experimental literature values by about 10%. Critical comparison with other freely available models (modeled vapor/solubility; group and bond additivity methods; Linear Solvation Energy Relationship; SPARC) was performed to validate their applicability to monosulfides and disulfides. Evaluation of theoretical models reveals a large deviation from our measured values by up to four times (in units of M atm⁻¹). Two group contribution models were adjusted in view of the new data, and HLCs for a list of sulfur compounds were calculated. Based on our findings we recommend the evaluation and adaption of theoretical models for monosulfides and disulfides to lower values of solubility and higher values of fugacity.     

环境工艺方法论研究——地缘资源法

地缘资源法是一种借助地缘优势研发新型环境工艺的重要方法。地缘资源法的核心是发挥资源的地缘优势,在现有条件下选择最佳环境工艺,使工艺技术合理,经济可行,外部条件有支撑。本文论述了地缘资源法理论及其应用实例,揭示了地缘资源法所蕴含的哲学思想。     

Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width1

DeWalle, David R., 2010. Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):323-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00423.x Abstract: A theoretical model was developed to explore impacts of varying buffer zone characteristics on shading of small streams using a path-length form of Beer’s law to represent the transmission of direct beam solar radiation through vegetation. Impacts of varying buffer zone height, width, and radiation extinction coefficients (surrogate for buffer density) on shading were determined for E-W and N-S stream azimuths in infinitely long stream sections at 40°N on the summer solstice. Increases in buffer width produced little additional shading beyond buffer widths of 6-7 m for E-W streams due to shifts in solar beam pathway from the sides to the tops of the buffers. Buffers on the north bank of E-W streams produced 30% of daily shade, while the south-bank buffer produced 70% of total daily shade. For N-S streams an optimum buffer width was less-clearly defined, but a buffer width of about 18-20 m produced about 85-90% of total predicted shade. The model results supported past field studies showing buffer widths of 9-11 m were sufficient for stream temperature control. Regardless of stream azimuth, increases in buffer height and extinction coefficient (buffer density) were found to substantially increase shading up to the maximum tree height and stand density likely encountered in the field. Model results suggest that at least 80% shade on small streams up to 6-m wide can be achieved in mid-latitudes with relatively narrow 12-m wide buffers, regardless of stream azimuth, as long as buffers are tall (≈30 m) and dense (leaf area index ≈6). Although wide buffers may be preferred to provide other benefits, results suggest that increasing buffer widths beyond about 12 m will have a limited effect on stream shade at mid-latitudes and that greater emphasis should be placed on the creation of dense, tall buffers to maximize stream shading.     

论环境合同的“软法”属性及其证成

对于环境合同的属性的认识主要存在绅士协议说与契约说两种观点,但从软法的视角对环境合同性质进行界定则鲜有论述。作为人类社会行为规范的一种表现形式,软法在世界各国早已存在,只是在国内法语境层面上探讨的相对较少。环境合同的软法属性的证成正是基于环境合同的性质与软法构成要件之间的契合以及环境法软法渊源形态具有的动态、开放、与时俱进的特性。     

电力节能减排法规体系建设思考

简述了中国环保法规建设的发展和现状,重点分析了电力SO2排放控制的法规、行政要求;介绍了电力行业供电煤耗、烟气脱硫、脱硝、废水排放等节能减排成效。对法律间存在的不够协调,法律与法规、法规与规章之间缺乏一致性、配套性以及法律本身存在的不明确、操作性不强等问题,从改革发展、体制变化、环境性质、基础研究等方面进行了分析：重点对项目环评、规划环评、工频电磁场、火电厂脱硫、排污收费、污染物总量控制、区域限批等要求进行了初步分析,并提出了相关建议。     

汽车行人碰撞接触中行人运动学规律仿真研究

基于交通事故模拟分析PC-Crash软件及其内嵌多体系统动力学分析MADYMO模块,建立并验证了车辆多体模型和行人多体模型;对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段的行人运动学具有较大影响的因素展开广泛分析,并构建汽车行人碰撞仿真试验方案;通过选取对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段具有较大影响的因素作为仿真试验的自变量,对不同碰撞环境下汽车与行人碰撞接触过程中的行人运动学规律(包括运动姿态和对应的碰撞车速阈值)进行深入研究;汽车行人碰撞仿真与真实事故以及碰撞试验对比具有较好的规律吻合性和一致性。研究表明,笔者采用的计算机建模仿真方法在汽车行人碰撞运动学研究中具有实用价值。