医疗焚烧废渣的固定化试验研究

医疗垃圾属于国家规定的危险废物,焚烧后的残渣同样存在最后稳定化的问题,国外处理方法主要是填埋和基础回填,本文通过对两种胶凝材料(普硅水泥和复合矿渣水泥)对医疗废渣的固定化效果研究,探讨医疗废渣再利用的可行性和影响因素。     

煤矸石在新型动态循环淋溶装置中的淋溶特性

采用新型循环淋溶装置对煤矸石进行连续240h的淋溶实验,研究了煤矸石中重金属在淋溶过程中的溶出规律,通过向淋溶液中添加聚丙烯酰胺（CPAM）考察了固体颗粒物的沉降特性.结果表明： 随着淋溶反应时间延长,煤矸石中碱金属Na元素溶于水,形成碱性溶液,这两种因素导致淋溶反应初期淋溶液pH值升高.As、Zn离子浓度在淋溶时间为1~24h时呈上升趋势,而在24~72h,离子浓度呈下降趋势.淋溶液中Cr、Pb、Ba离子浓度在120h内均呈现上升趋势,而在120~240h,对于Cr离子来说,淋溶液的碱性环境促使Cr离子溶出率增大,但取样次数的增多也对Cr离子的浓度降低起到促进作用;淋溶液稀释和Ba离子的沉淀化合物形成,导致淋溶液中Ba离子浓度降低.120~240h,淋溶液中有机物被微生物的生化作用分解以及取样后外加塌陷区水体对淋溶液中COD和BOD起到稀释作用,使COD和BOD降低.在淋溶反应24h内,淋溶液中TON和NH₃-N出现波浪式变化,淋溶时间大于24h时,TON和NH₃-N总体呈升高趋势.随着淋溶时间延长,淋溶液中的固体颗粒物沉降速度逐渐变慢,延长了沉降时间.煤矸石中一些含氮化合物溶解于水中,使淋溶液中电离出 NH₄⁺离子,形成碱性环境.     

Characteristics of the stabilized/solidified municipal solid wastes incineration fly ash and the leaching behavior of Cr and Pb

Fly ash is a hazardous byproduct of municipal solid wastes incineration (MSWI). An alkali activated blast furnace slag-based cementitious material was used to stabilize/solidify the fly ash at experimental level. The characteristics of the stabilized/solidified fly ash, including metal leachability, mineralogical characteristics and the distributions of metals in matrices, were tested by toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) respectively. Continuous acid extraction was utilized to extract metal ions and characterize their leaching behavior. The stabilization/solidification procedure for MSWI fly ash demonstrates a strong fixing capacity for the metals by the formation of C-S-H phase, hydrated calcium aluminosilicate and ettringite. The stabilized/solidified fly ash shows a dense and homogeneous microstructure. Cr is mainly solidified in hydrated calcium aluminosilicate, C-S-H and ettringite phase through physical encapsulation, precipitation, adsorption or substitution mechanisms, and Pb is mainly solidified in C-S-H phase and absorbed in the Si-O structure.     

生物炭对菜地土壤氮平衡及酸碱缓冲能力的影响

针对太湖地区菜地化肥氮投入量较大导致氮淋失严重及土壤酸化的现状,选取太湖地区的菜地土壤,利用盆栽试验连续种植三季小白菜,结合生物炭埋袋回收技术,研究不同化肥氮施用量(以N计,0和110 mg/kg)及生物炭添加量(w为0%、1%、2%和5%)对土壤氮淋失及酸碱缓冲能力的影响. 结果表明:在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,与无生物炭添加相比,生物炭添加量为2%时可使作物对土壤矿质态氮的利用效率提高约1倍(由41%增至81%),因化肥氮施用引起的土壤氮素残留量降低83%;生物炭添加可有效减少48%~65%的土壤氮淋失量,当添加量为1%、2%时,生物炭主要通过削减淋失液中ρ(TN)来降低土壤氮淋失量;添加量为5%时,则主要通过削减淋失液体积来实现. 无论是否添加化肥氮,生物炭均能有效维持土壤原有的pH、w(有机质)及w(盐基离子);促使土壤酸碱缓冲能容量增加22%~37%,致酸速率降低17%~80%,显著提升了土壤的酸碱缓冲能力. 研究显示,在化肥氮施用量为110 mg/kg条件下,生物炭添加量为2%时能对土壤酸化产生较好的缓冲效果.      

森林植被对降水水化学的影响

综述了森林植被各个层次对降水水化学影响的主要研究成果,并指出了目前该方面研究存在的问题及今后需要努力的方向。大量集中在乔木层的研究表明,与林外雨比较,穿透雨、树干茎流中多数元素的浓度均呈增加的趋势,浓度大小的总趋势为树干茎流>穿透雨>林外降雨,K、Mg、Mn等表现突出,浓度可增加10倍以上;影响元素浓度变化因素包括降水特征、林分类型、大气状况等;具体到某一种元素,不同区域、不同林型间研究结果差异很大,很难得出一致的结论。对灌草层和枯落物层吸附淋溶作用研究较少,也就不能正确评价森林植被对降水水化学的综合效应。因此,在空间尺度上,要加强不同区域森林植被各个层次的研究;在时间尺度上,短时间的观测缺乏代表性,长期定位观测更具科学性。此外,目前的研究,尤其是国内的研究,只是对现象的揭示,缺乏过程及机理的深入研究,限制了我们对森林植被的内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识。     

典型电子废物中多溴联苯醚的模拟浸出释放特征

选取废旧打印机外壳为典型电子废物,以商用腐殖酸溶液为浸提剂,采用浸出试验,模拟研究了废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs(多溴联苯醚)在简易填埋或与生活垃圾共处置场景下,在不同废物粒径、浸提剂DOC浓度、pH、浸提时间和液固比下的浸出特征. 分别用索氏提取法和液液萃取法提取废旧打印机外壳及其浸出液中的PBDEs,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)对11种PBDEs同系物的浓度进行定性、定量检测. 结果表明,废旧打印机外壳中BDE28、BDE47、BDE66、BDE85、BDE99、BDE100、BDE153、BDE154被检出,而在浸出液中仅有BDE28、BDE47、BDE66、BDE85、BDE99、BDE153被检出,∑₆PBDEs的浸出率仅为0.04%~0.44%;垃圾渗滤液和土壤溶液中DOM可以促进废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs的浸出,随着浸提剂ρ(DOC)的增大,PBDEs的浸出量增加;在酸性条件下PBDEs的浸出量低于在中性条件下的浸出量;随着浸出时间的延长,PBDEs的浸出量不断增加,但在试验设定的480h内,没有得到一个液固体系的平衡时间,可见废旧打印机外壳中PBDEs的浸出是一个缓慢释放的过程.      

Leaching characteristics of bisphenol A from epoxy-resin pavement materials

We investigated the leaching characteristics of bisphenol A (BPA) from two kinds of epoxy-resin pavement materials, one containing epoxy resins (EPs) and the other containing epoxy-acrylate resins (EPAs). Both samples contained residual BPA monomer, at levels of 9.0?µg?g^?1 for the EP resin sample and 4.4?µg?g^?1 for the EPA resin sample. These amounts were larger than amounts previously measured for polycarbonate samples. The amount of BPA leached from the samples increased with temperature. The leaching of BPA from EP was more strongly affected by temperature than the leaching from EPA. The pH also affected the amount of leached BPA. The maximum leached amount was observed under alkaline conditions (pH 10.8) for both sample types. The amounts of BPA that might leach from pavement materials during 1?h of heavy rain were estimated to be 0.9?µg?m^?2 for EP and 3.5?µg?m^?2 for EPA. Our results indicate that EPs disposed of in waste landfills without any treatment may be a source of BPA in leachate at landfill sites.     

Presence of metals in drinking water distribution networks due to pipe material leaching: a review

Drinking water quality should remain constant from the drinking water treatment plant to the consumer's tap. However, water quality characteristics might be affected by interactions with pipe materials. This review describes the iron, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, chromium, and cadmium in drinking water leached from the pipe material present in drinking water, as well as the factors and mechanisms that affect leaching processes. Data analysis suggests that monitoring the water quality in distribution systems is important for their proper management; however, the low measured concentrations highlight the need for sensitive sensors. In addition, further research is necessary to anticipate possible future effects before the installation of new materials/infrastructure or changes in water source/treatment.     

Measurement of the leaching behaviour of granular solid wastes

Leaching of granular solids can be described in terms of specific mass transfer functions of a simple mathematical form.

The parameters can be determined by column leaching experiments under well known flow conditions.

Initially available concentrations are obtained from batch experiments at high dilution. Total concentrations in the solids are determined independently to calculate the available fractions.

The determination of the flow pattern is done by radiotracer measurements. Leachates are analyzed by various analytical methods including AAS and INAA. Total concentrations in the solids are determined by INAA preferably.     

Diazinon leaching through a sandy soil amended with different humic materials

The water leaching of diazinon (O,O‐diethyl‐O‐2‐isopropyl‐6‐methylpyrirnidin‐4‐yl phosphoroth‐ioate) through soil columns, was studied after column amendments with two well characterized humic acids (HA), in both liquid and solid state, and with the original raw organic materials, an oxidized coal and a leonardite, from which the HA were extracted. The percolation curves and the pesticide distribution over the soil columns showed that the addition of the raw organic materials and the solid HAs reduced significantly the mobility of the pesticide along the soil column. The oxidized coal was more effective than the leonardite original material; the different origin of the two carbon‐rich materials had an influence on the diazinon movement along the soil columns and such difference was enhanced with increasing addition rates. Moreover, incubation at field capacity for two months of the soil columns treated with raw oxidized coal and leonardite, largely enhanced the described effects on pesticide behaviour. A complete adsorption of diazinon on columns and a practical absence of leaching was observed when the HA from both materials were added in dissolved form. These results were explained with the swelling of the humic micelles in water and the enhanced availability of inner hydrophobic surfaces for the strong adsorption of diazinon. The water diffusion into the solid humic materials after two months incubation, also explains their high pesticide retention capacity. This work indicates the usefulness of either solid o dissolved humic substances, with the proper hydrophobic character, in preventing the vertical leaching of non‐polar organic pesticides in soils.