论我国环境刑事立法的现状及其完善

面对日趋严峻的资源与环境危机，加强刑法在环境保护中的作用，实现环境刑事立法生态化，这是当今世界各国的共识。目前，我国环境刑事立法也有较大发展，但仍存在诸多不足，有待进一步完善。本文阐述了刑法介入环境保护的必要性，并结合国外环境刑事立法现状，分析了我国环境刑事立法中存在的问题及因应之策。     

基层环境执法存在的问题及对策浅析

阐述了环境执法中存在的问题，指出了真正造就一支“来之能战，战之能胜”的高效、廉洁、文明的环境执法队伍，必须加快立法步伐，加大环境法制宣传教育力度，提高环境法制意识，进行行政管理体制创新，改革机构，打破地方政府“供养制”，加强环保执法队伍的建设。     

石油天然气勘探开发环境保护立法的法律思考

文章根据石油天然气勘探开发的实际情况,对石油天然气生产、储存、集输过程中的污染防治和生态环境保护进行了深入的研究,提出了相应的法律措施和手段.     

Nitrate leaching in agriculture to upper groundwater in the sandy regions of the Netherlands during the 1992–1995 period

The Dutch National Monitoring Programme for Effectiveness of the Minerals Policy (LMM) was initiated to allow detection of a statutory reduction in nitrate leaching caused by a decreasing N load. The starting point, or baseline, was taken as the nitrate concentration of the upper metre of groundwater sampled on 99 farms in the 1992–1995 period in the sandy areas of the Netherlands, where predominantly grass and maize grow. We found here that a reduction in nitrate leaching of more than 20% in future would almost certainly be detected with the LMM. Detecting downward trends due to decreasing N load will require nitrate concentrations to also be related to soil drainage, precipitation excess leading to groundwater recharge and to location. Furthermore, we found that about 16% of the N load in the Dutch sandy regions was being leached to the upper metre of groundwater in the 1992–1995 period. The critical N load in approximately 1990 for exceeding the EC limit value for nitrate, NO₃, (50 mg L^–1) in the upper metre of groundwater for the mean situation for grassland, maize and arable land in the sandy area was found to be 210 kg ha^–1 a^–1. Because manure management has been altered, the critical load found will be lower than the current critical load .     

RELEVANT ASPECTS OF AIR QUALITY IN OPORTO (PORTUGAL): PM10 AND O3

The air quality Framework Directive (FWD) and the correspondent Daughter Directives defined the new strategy for air quality management in Europe. In general, the new standards are more restrictive than those established by the previous legislation. In Portugal, some difficulties can be previewed to achieve those new standards. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating the impact of application of the FWD to Oporto Metropolitan Area in what concerns to the most critical air pollutants in the area (PM₁₀ and O₃). The specific objectives were: i) to analyse the concentration exceedances between 1999 and 2001; ii) to identify the main emission sources; iii) to evaluate the possibility of a new redistribution of the existing monitoring sites; iv) to contribute to the definition of a new strategy for air quality management. The results showed that; i) the standard values for PM₁₀ and O₃ were largely surpassed, possibly concluding that the FWD application implies a strong impact on the air quality management strategies; ii) the main emission sources (road traffic and the neighbour stationary sources localised upwind) affect all the Metropolitan area through intra-region pollutant transport; iii) it is safer maintaining the site localisation to avoid previewing exceedances through mathematical correlations; iv) the reduction of PM₁₀ and of ozone precursors must be performed considering new technologies for cleaner production and gaseous depuration, a rigorous urban and territory planning, the creation of an efficient public transport network and the definition of strict measures for car maintenance.     

Assessing the performance of SIA in the EIA context: A case study of South Africa

This article, a theoretical perspective based on a literature study, is a critical evaluation of SIA as part of the EIA process in South Africa against the background of international guidelines and best practices. It includes sections on the historical background of the development of SIA in South Africa, the legal status and requirements of SIA in the country, and a critical evaluation of SIA regulation in South Africa. The conclusion reached in the article is that the persistent problems of SIA practice, experienced in other parts of the world, are also evident in South Africa. Apart from institutional, financial and professional constraints, there are also serious problems associated with approach and methods. This conclusion confirms the findings of empirical studies that SIA in South Africa is neglected, that the practice of SIA in South Africa is not yet on a sound footing, and that it does not receive the professional attention it deserves in a country beset by enormous social challenges. To conclude the article recommendations are made to improve the level of SIA practice in South Africa, and the possible significance of this national case study for international practice is indicated.     

国际生物安全立法的进展及焦点问题

生物技术的安全性（生物安全）问题已经引起了国际社会的严重关注，不同国家的生物安全能力的巨大差异，使他们对国际生物安全立法的内容和形式等问题产生了很大的分歧，争论的焦点集中在提前知情同意、风险评估和风险管理、资料交换等问题上；本文就上述问题进行了阐述和分析，并指出了国际生物安全立法的发展趋势     

环境规制方式与环境规制效果的关系研究

结合国际环境规制的发展历程，将中国环境规制方式划分为政府立法、政府执法和公众参与。使用《中国环境统计年鉴》和《中国环境统计公布》（2001－2010年）的有关统计数据，通过建立灰色关联分析模型，计算了这三种规制方式与环境规制效果的关系。分析结果表明，对中国环境规制效果作用最大的是政府执法，其次是公众参与和政府立法。在上述分析的基础上，从优化考核机制、明确权力划分、提高公众意识等方面提出了改善建议。     

限期治理法律制度若干问题研究

以环境管理法律制度的可适用性和可操作性为立足点,从制度完善和创新的角度出发,对现行限期治理制度中存在的法律问题和现实障碍进行了系统的分析和论证.同时,结合实际工作,针对性地提出立法建议,通过将限期治理权限赋予环保部门,进一步明确限期治理的条件,完善限期治理的程序和形式,规定限期治理期间排污单位应承担的义务,以促进限期治理制度功能的发挥,提高环境管理能力.