浅论我国沙漠化防治立法的若干原则和制度

沙漠化防治实行预防为主,生态保护与防治结合原则,防治与经济开发利用相协调促进原则;综合防治与分类控制相结合;公众参与和整治者受益结合;对不同责任主体实行不同责任承担原则,由人为不当活动造成的沙漠化治理责任,实行行为者负担原则;对自然作用造成的沙漠化治理实行政府负担为主,受益者合理负担原则;确立统一规划制度;沙漠化状况调查评估与监测预警制度,休耕限耕和扶贫结合制度,禁限制度,优先区域与紧急行动区域制度。     

略论我国矿山安全法律制度的完善

矿山安全是采矿工业乃至国民经济可持续发展的重要组成部分．矿山安全对发展地区经济和保持社会稳定都具有重要意义。然而．随着矿产资源开发强度的不断加大．矿山安全法律制度建设相对于矿山开发来说却相对严重滞后，以致矿山生产环境不断恶化．矿山安全事故频发。因此．在对我国矿山安全问题及其成因进行法律经济分析的前提下．找出我国矿山安全立法的问题与不足。并在与美国矿山安全立法进行差异比较的基础上，对我国矿山安全立法的完善进行有益的思考和探索．具有十分重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Formulating and implementing climate change laws and policies in the Philippines,Mexico (Chiapas), and South Africa: a local government perspective

Faced with the prospects of a changing climate, a small but increasing number of countries are developing legal and regulatory frameworks that explicitly address climate change. Moreover at least some of these laws and policies carve out substantial roles for local governments. The present paper surveys three countries from different regions in the Global South that have developed or are developing such laws and policies: the Philippines (Asia-Pacific), Mexico and more specifically its State of Chiapas (Latin America), and South Africa (Africa). It examines those experiences through two different lenses. The paper first reviews the steps by which those laws or policies were developed. For this review, criteria for effective consultative processes are proposed. The study then examines the three climate change laws or policies per se. To this end, a framework including four modes of multi-level urban climate governance (governing by regulation, governing through enabling, governing by provision, governing with representation and consultation) is utilised. The paper ends with synthetic conclusions as to which experiences represent promising practices, and what other lessons are relevant for countries embarking on such processes.     

国外环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规现状、特征及其作用研究

对国外环保体系发达国家（包括欧盟、日本、美国）现行的环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规制度建设情况予以阐述和介绍,以期为中国环境保护公众参与和社会监督法规的完善提供借鉴.同时提出该体系的主要框架性特征,即充分保障公众环境知情权、落实环境参与权、完善诉讼权和补偿权,提出公众参与和社会监督的政策依据受到政府部门的高度重视,以法规形式固定下来,对公众参与积极性的提高具有较强的促进作用.     

深圳市夜间光污染状况调查及对策研究

首先阐述国内外光污染防控标准,然后对深圳市典型公众活动区域开展夜间光照度监测,初步探明夜间光污染状况并提出利用经济特区立法,将光环境纳入环境保护范畴,建立完善的法律、法规、技术标准和监管体系,保护夜间光环境的建议。结果表明,开展监测的区域存在不同程度的光污染,其中,商业区照度为10．4—591．41x,最大值达CIE150标准E4区域251x的限值20倍以上,照度均匀度为0．12～0．18;休闲广场照度为4．9～91．51x,最大照度均超过《城市夜景照明设计规范》（JGJ／T163-2008）中25lX上限值,照度均匀度为0．22～0．39;住商混合区照度为8．5～46．91x,最大照度均超过CIE150标准E3区域101x限值;住宅区照度为1．0～23．61x,57％小区外侧住宅窗表面照度超过CIE150标准E3区域101x限值。     

地方环境立法应遵循可持续发展原则

本文在分析地方环境立法形势的基础上 ,提出地方环境立法应遵循可持续发展原则 ,并从公平性、持续性、协调性、资源价值、公众参与和生态安全、区域性和发挥地方环境资源优势等几个方面进行了阐述     

Cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine water quality

The purpose of this work is to present a modeling approach for assessing and managing the cumulative impact of marinas on estuarine systems. In doing so, both a water-quality model and a planning and management model are developed. The water-quality model predicts biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and fecal coliform (FC) loadings from marina sources in a hypothetical North Carolina estuary. By running the water-quality model repeatedly with varied loading input, impact coefficients are determined. These impact coefficients are used in the planning and management model, the output of which gives the sizes and locations of marinas in the estuarine system such that dissolved oxygen (DO) and FC water-quality standards are maintained.Five different estuarine development scenarios are considered. Each scenario is evaluated with respect to both maximum and uniform land development constraints. In addition, two alternative fecal coliform standards are used with each of the development options.     

The contribution of policy,law, management,research, and advocacy failings to the recent extinctions of three Australian vertebrate species

Extinctions typically have ecological drivers, such as habitat loss. However, extinction events are also influenced by policy and management settings that may be antithetical to biodiversity conservation, inadequate to prevent extinction, insufficiently resourced, or poorly implemented. Three endemic Australian vertebrate species—the Christmas Island pipistrelle (Pipistrellus murrayi), Bramble Cay melomys (Melomys rubicola), and Christmas Island forest skink (Emoia nativitatis)—became extinct from 2009 to 2014. All 3 extinctions were predictable and probably preventable. We sought to identify the policy, management, research, and other shortcomings that contributed to their extinctions or failed to prevent them. These included a lack within national environmental legislation and policy of explicit commitment to the prevention of avoidable extinctions, lack of explicit accountability, inadequate resources for conservation (particularly for species not considered charismatic or not of high taxonomic distinctiveness), inadequate biosecurity, a slow and inadequate process for listing species as threatened, recovery planning that failed to consider the need for emergency response, inability of researchers to identify major threatening factors, lack of public engagement and involvement in conservation decisions, and limited advocacy. From these 3 cases, we recommend: environmental policy explicitly seeks to prevent extinction of any species and provides a clear chain of accountability and an explicit requirement for public inquiry following any extinction; implementation of a timely and comprehensive process for listing species as threatened and for recovery planning; reservation alone not be assumed sufficient to maintain species; enhancement of biosecurity measures; allocation of sufficient resources to undertake actions necessary to prevent extinction; monitoring be considered a pivotal component of the conservation response; research provides timely identification of factors responsible for decline and of the risk of extinction; effective dissemination of research results; advocacy by an informed public for the recovery of threatened species; and public involvement in governance of the recovery process. These recommendations should be applicable broadly to reduce the likelihood and incidence of extinctions.     

古树名木保护地方立法评析与建议

对我国出台的15部古树名木保护地方性法规和规章出台时间、主要内容进行了归纳分析。结果发现:法规和规章中存在着管理体制不顺、权责利不对等、处罚标准不合理等问题。在研究基础上,提出完善古树名木保护立法的建议:加快推进古树名木保护国家立法,逐步完善地方立法,进一步理顺保护管理体制,建立古树名木保护补偿制度,加强科学研究与技术推广等。     

“Guardianship” and the “Rural Workshop”—The First Quarter-century of U.K. Experience in Nature Conservation

In the U.K., the Countryside Act of 1968 represented the first “updating” of the pioneering National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Through the archival material that survives for the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Conservancy, the paper commemorates that first quarter-century of post-war adjustment to the needs of farming and wildlife conservation. It does so through a case study of the documented discussion, both inter-agency and within separate counsels, of whether agricultural improvement grants should be paid for land scheduled as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The post-war assumptions of both parties were shattered by clashes over the SSSIs of Cavenham Heath (Suffolk) and Waddingham Common (Lincolnshire). Characterized as a “cold” war, there was a point beyond which antipathy served no one's interests. Fully aware of the options available to policy-makers, both parties recognized the Countryside Bill as an opportunity to obtain greater protection for SSSIs without prejudicing the larger notions of guardianship of the rural resource and the importance that continued to be given to the countryside as the farmer's “workshop”.