新旧水污染防治法的比较

《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》于１９９６年５月作了修改，修改的同容包括水环境保护标准制定权限，水污染防治管原则，水污染防治管理制度防止表水污染，法律责任等。比较研究所旧水污染防治法，将更好地推进新法的实施。     

安全法应成为一个独立的法律部门——安全法学初探之一

安全法是国隶制定并保证实施的法律规范。安全立法的根本目的是保障人类的安全与健康.促进社会和生产的发展。我国党和政府历来十分重视安全立法工作,国家制定的各种安全法律规范已达到了相当的程度,由于安全法有着自己的调整对象和自己的特点,同时社会经济发展和生产也需要,所以安全法应成为一个独立的法律部门。     

PROBLEM OF NONPOINT SOURCE AGRICULTURAL WATER POLLUTION: TOWARD A HYPOTHETICAL FEDERAL LEGISLATIVE SOLUTION1

ABSTRACT: A conceptual framework of politics is set forth in relation to the federal environmental legislative process. This framework for analysis is then related to a hypothetical public problem -ground water pollution from agricultural chemicals. The public problem from the perspective of political analysis is found to involve several different types of difficult issues with which the legislative process must deal if legislation is to be enacted.     

NORTH AMERICAN INTERSTATE WEATHER MODIFICATION COUNCIL: NEED,GOALS, PURPOSE,AND ACTIVITIES1

ABSTRACT: A need for the prudent design and critical analysis of all weather modification efforts was expressed by the attendees of the June 1974 Governors' Weather Modification Conference in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The attendees also expressed a need for an organization to coordinate and cooperate in intrastate, interstate and possible international weather modification activities, particularly in view of the growing importance of agricultural production, energy demand and domestic water supply. The North American Interstate Weather Modification Council (NAIWMC) was ratified on January 17, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, with its main purpose to achieve and maintain state and local control of such activities while endeavoring to attain a high degree of legislative uniformity and an effective information exchange mechanism. The need, goals, and objectives of the newly-created Council are summarized herein. The by-laws of the Council are presented according to the articles adopted at the organizational meeting. Membership in the Council is available to all states of the United States of America, Mexico, and all provinces of Canada. The officers of the Council are elected from its membership according to the regions of weather modification activities. A summary of the Council's progress at performing the purposes is presented in this paper. Definition of the users involved in the North American Interstate Weather Modification Council has been achieved during the early activities of the Council. The Council's views on federal and state weater modification legislation are presented according to position statements that have been adopted by the member states and provinces.     

WATER CONSTRAINTS ON EMERGING ENERGY PRODUCTION1

ABSTRACT: A comprehensive nationwide recognizance-level assessment of water needs for energy development over the 1985 to 2000 time frame and options for overcoming any actual or potential water supply problems are summarized. Water requirements for energy production and other uses are totaled for each geographic region of the United States and compared with available stream flow to identify regions with potentially inadequate water supplies to meet expanding energy needs. Water quality impacts and water-related institutional factors affecting energy development are also considered. It is concluded that, if proper planning measures are not initiated, water demands for energy production will not be satisfied by the year 2000, particularly in those areas with known fossil energy resources. No unmanageable water quality problems are foreseen, and water-related institutional factors will primarily delay rather than exclud energy development.     

我国女职工劳动保护立法问题研究

在多年从事妇女劳动问题研究的基础上 ,对我国企业执行女职工劳动保护法律、法规和政策的状况 ,从不同的角度进行描述和评价。分析各类所有制企业在女职工劳动保护方面存在的突出问题 ,并探讨修正现行女职工劳动保护立法的可能性 ,特别是对国务院的行政法规———《女职工劳动保护规定》提出比较具体的修订建议。这些建议包括对妇女进入劳动或工作过程之前的平等就业机会的保护 ,但主要侧重妇女就业之后 ,在工作场所中的劳动保护问题     

The time-varying factors influencing the recycling rate of products

In Europe targets have been laid down by EU legislation for the recycling rate of end-of-life vehicles to be achieved within the nearby future. It is illustrated in this paper that the definition of the recycling rate and the realisation of the imposed targets are very much dependent on different parameters such as the changing lifetime of the product and product design. It may seem obvious that the recycling rate is determined by various time-varying factors, however, this paper endeavours to describe and quantify the role of these factors on the recycling rate over time by the use of a dynamic systems model. This model permits the prediction of the recycling rate as a function of the numerous presented parameters, changing design scenarios etc. In addition, different definitions of the recycling rate will be presented and discussed. This will lead to a better understanding of the parameters affecting the recycling system and a more precise understanding of the recycling targets and their realisation as imposed by EU legislation. This paper focuses on cars, but the discussion and the definitions derived are equally valid for any end-of-life product.     

State wetlands and riparian area protection programs

The protection of wetlands and riparian areas has emerged as an important environmental planning issue. In the United States, several federal and state laws have been enacted to protect wetlands and riparian areas. Specifically, the federal Clean Water Act includes protection requirements in Sections 301 and 303 for state water quality standards, Section 401 for state certification of federal actions (projects, permits, and licenses), and Section 404 for dredge and fill permits. The Section 401 water quality state certification element has been called the “sleeping giant” of wetlands protection because it empowers state officials to veto or condition federally permitted or licensed activities that do not comply with state water quality standards. State officials have used this power infrequently. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effectiveness of state wetland and riparian programs. Contacts were established with officials in each state and in the national and regional offices of key federal agencies. Based on interviews and on a review of federal and state laws, state program effectiveness was analyzed. From this analysis, several problems and opportunities facing state wetland protection efforts are presented.     

Evolutionary or fragmented environmental policy making? coal,power, and agriculture in the Hunter Valley,Australia

Intensified surface mining, power generation, and smelting operations in the Hunter River lowlands, NSW, Australia have posed numerous new environmental management problems. Legislative controls over water, soils, and land use management have been clearly insufficient and remain so. The complex range of environmental changes is challenging government agencies as well as coal developers. While water demands are increasing in the region the proportionally greatest competitors are power generation and irrigation. Comprehensive regional water quality assessment is inadequate and divided between a number of agencies with fragmentary interests. Coal development inquiries signal further controversy over appropriate management solutions and are an ongoing phenomenon in the region. The early 1980s resource boom has been followed by lower rates of economic growth, which have resulted in disparate agency responses to major ongoing environmental questions. While issue attention cycles are often remarkably short in environmental management, matters of water, land, and air quality require intensive and ongoing monitoring and policy development.     

EVALUATING THE OPTIONS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The agricultural revolution occurred because the un-managed environment was not providing food in either the quantity or quality that society desired. The “environmental revolution” is developing because the unmanaged environment is clearly not capable of assimilating societal wastes without being seriously degraded. Effective environmental management will require regional and site-specific modification of general principles and practices that can be used at a national or international level. An environmental management system can be operated in the same manner as any industrial quality control system with three basic components: (a) sensors at appropriate locations, (b) rapid generation and feedback of information, and (c) a quality control group capable of taking immediate effective action when system performance is outside predetermined boundary conditions. This discussion focuses primarily on three areas: (a) management options available to regulate intrusion of societal wastes into natural systems, (b) types of methods available for predicting and validating effects on natural systems, and (c) modifications of present legislation that would permit the most flexibility in selecting from the various management options. Also considered are multispecies toxicity tests using species with cosmopolitan distribution in test systems with a high degree of environmental realism. Among the many values of such tests is the ability to exchange information from all parts of the world effectively because the test organisms are not restricted to a particular geographic region.