基于SWAT模型的瀼渡河生态流量计算方法

保障和管理河湖生态流量是加强水资源开发利用管控的基本要求,是实施长江大保护和高质量发展的重要内容。以瀼渡河为例,提出了针对无实测流量的河流推算生态流量的方法。首先,利用SWAT水文模型模拟得到1990—2019年30年逐月流量过程,表明该河流流量由上游至下游逐渐增大,且具有明显的汛期和非汛期特征;其次,采用蒙大拿法、最小月平均流量法、近10年最枯月平均流量法和流量历时曲线法4种水文学计算方法,选取瀼渡河干流重点控制断面进行生态流量计算,结果表明生态流量计算值介于10%~33%,呈现出流量历时曲线法>近10年最枯月平均流量法>最小月平均流量法>蒙大拿法的趋势;最后,经水质达标校核,分析得出瀼渡河生态流量计算推荐方法为流量历时曲线法,年补水径流量约占年均径流量的30%。     

污水厂污泥典型处理处置工艺碳排放核算研究

污泥的处理与处置是污水厂运行过程中碳排放的主要产生源之一。基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的方法学原则,构建污泥处理处置过程中产生的碳排放及碳汇的核算方法,并以某污水厂污泥的处理处置过程为例,计算其典型工艺下运行的碳排放量,分析其碳排放特征并提出减排建议。结果表明:深度脱水和填埋是污泥处理处置碳排放的主要来源;污泥厌氧消化产生的沼气用于消化温度维持和干化工艺,具有显著的减排效应;污泥土地利用具有低碳排放效应特征,是污泥处理处置低碳发展的优选模式。     

建立MFCA账户对竹产业节能减排和环境保护的影响研究

竹产业既是传统行业又是新兴产业,在国家提倡的节能减排和环境保护过程中扮演重要角色.通过分析竹产业的现状,十分有必要给竹产业企业建立MFCA账户.同时,通过对浙江S拉丝企业的MFCA分析,建议S竹拉丝企业在能量损耗和机械折旧率控制上减少不必要的消耗,如精准控制无聊投放的时间节点,并且减少系统资源成本,积极与当地政府沟通,达成在政策层面有效支持节能减排和环境保护的推广,如与环境紧密关联的负产品处置补贴等.     

A ton is not always a ton: A road-test of landfill,manure, and afforestation/reforestation offset protocols in the U.S. carbon market

The outcome of recent international climate negotiations suggests we are headed toward a more fragmented carbon market, with multiple emission trading and offset programs operating in parallel. To effectively harmonize and link across programs, it will be important to ensure that across offset programs and protocols that a “ton is a ton”. In this article, we consider how sample offsets projects in the U.S. carbon market are treated across protocols from five programs: the Clean Development Mechanism, Climate Action Reserve, Chicago Climate Exchange, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, and the U.S. EPA's former program, Climate Leaders. We find that differences among protocols for landfill methane, manure management, and afforestation/reforestation project types in accounting boundary definitions, baseline setting methods, measurement rules, emission factors, and discounts lead to differences in offsets credited that are often significant (e.g. greater than 50%). We suggest opportunities for modification and harmonization of protocols that can improve offset quality and credibility and enhance prospects for future linking of trading units and systems.     

Implementing service-based chemical procurement: lessons and results

Chemical use reduction is strongly desirable for environmental and public welfare reasons, and is a critical element of moving towards more sustainable consumption in the business-to-business economy. However, the fundamental economic relationship between chemical supplier and chemical customer creates supply side incentives for increased chemical use. Chemical management services (CMS) is a business model that aligns economic incentives in the chemical supplier–customer relationship towards reduced chemical use by making chemical services rather than chemical volume the basis of supplier compensation. CMS thus ‘servicizes’ the chemical supply chain and is a Product Service System with significant potential environmental benefits. CMS enjoys high penetration in the US auto and semiconductor sectors, and is emergent in other sectors. The paper synthesizes lessons learned from hands-on work with 15 chemical-using firms over 5 years in all aspects of CMS program implementation. Key points are that poor cost accounting and chemical information management form significant barriers to making, understanding and evaluating the CMS business case. The details of contractual compensation mechanisms are critical to achieving in practice the potential environmental benefits of the CMS model.     

厦门工业终端能源消费CO_2排放和减排情景分析

工业是城市能源活动CO2排放的最重要部门,核算工业部门CO2排放以及合理的减排情景分析是城市碳减排的关键内容。该研究以区域终端消费电热力产品CO2排放系数为基础,建立终端能源消费CO2排放核算方法,比较了终端法和直接法核算2007年厦门工业能源消费CO2排放量、行业分布和排放强度的差异,分析了影响工业CO2排放的主要因子和各情景下工业CO2减排潜力。研究结果表明:2007年厦门市工业终端能源消费CO2排放量为7 940 kt CO2,排放强度为1.182 t CO2/万元GDP,排放强度较高的行业依次为化学纤维制造业、非金属矿采选业、化学原料及化学制品制造业、电力和热力的生产和供应业等行业,影响排放强度的主要因子为行业能源消费强度、电力能源结构、工业能源结构和工业行业结构;采用终端法核算的厦门工业能源消费CO2排放行业结构与直接法核算结果有明显的差异。通过建立的CO2减排潜力估算方法,预测在规划情景和理想情景下,2015年厦门市工业CO2排放强度将分别下降30.4%和41%,在工业增加值为1 500亿元情景下,CO2排放总量分别为12 358和10 475.9 kt CO2,比2007年增长55.4%和31.7%。     

Shorter fries? An alternative policy to support a reduction of nitrogen contamination from agricultural crop production

Feeding the growing population of the world poses significant policy challenges for the sustainability of global ecosystems. A prime example is the degradation of water quality due to the growing imbalance in the terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycle linked to increasing production of reactive N (Nr). Environmental impacts such as groundwater quality degradation and eutrophication of coastal estuaries tend to be local in nature but may be closely connected to global economic factors. Environmental accounting of the N fluxes entering, leaving or remaining in Prince Edward Island (PEI), a small agricultural region, demonstrate the importance of a single industry (potato production) in controlling the local N cycle. The resulting burden of Nr has its most profound effect on groundwater, the sole source of drinking water and the primary pathway of N to the Province's economically and ecologically important estuaries. At the same time, agriculture is a vital part of the local economy, and regulators are faced with the challenge of meeting environmental goals and still maintaining an industry that is competitive and responsive to global market trends. New, innovative policy alternatives are needed to foster more effective implementation of sustainable agricultural practices. An approach that focuses on influencing consumer choices toward more environmentally responsible production practices at the point of origin may help remove some of the important, non-technical barriers to sustainable food production practices. In practice, a system that documents the environmental performance throughout the full supply chain from producer to retailer would have to be implemented.     

对“绿色会计”概念的初步探讨

绿色会计是为保护生态环境而研究环境成本和价值、提供生态环境变化信息的环境会计，已越来越受到人们关注。为此就绿色会计概念、对象确认、科目设置及信息披露作为重点，进行初步探讨。     

Measuring the wealth of nations

The sustainability of development is closely linked to changes intotal per capita wealth. This paper presents estimates of the wealth of nations for nearly 100 countries, broken down into produced assets, natural resources and human resources. While thelatter is the dominant form of wealth in virtually all countries,in low income natural resource exporters the share of natural resources in total wealth is equal to the share of produced assets. For low income countries in general, cropland forms thevast majority of natural wealth. The analysis suggests the process of development can be viewed as one of portfolio management: sustainable development entails saving the rents fromexhaustible resources, managing renewable resources sustainably,and investing savings in both produced assets and human resources.     

循环经济背景下的企业环境会计账户设置优化方法浅析

循环经济发展的宏观形势下,企业的竞争环境发生了转变,经营者在运作过程中不能只考虑经济绩效,同时还必须环境绩效和社会绩效的影响,因此企业环境会计的账户设置也应当进行适当的调整;但是目前关于这方面的理论研究尚显得较为单薄.该文首先从理论推演方面探讨和归纳出了循环经济背景下企业日常经营运作机制的相关评价指标;然后分别选择了制造型企业和生产型服务企业各一家作为研究样本,运用多元统计学中的逻辑回归分析法作为工具进行了实证研究;并结合实证分析的结果,确定了循环经济背景下这两类企业环境会计账户设置优化的可行性途径.