排污费开征“三书”制探索

探讨在社会主义市场经济条件下排污收费工作新思路，从内容，实施和效用方面介绍了排污费开征实行“三书”制新方法。     

Quantifying the conservation gains from shared access to linear infrastructure

The proliferation of linear infrastructure such as roads and railways is a major global driver of cumulative biodiversity loss. One strategy for reducing habitat loss associated with development is to encourage linear infrastructure providers and users to share infrastructure networks. We quantified the reductions in biodiversity impact and capital costs under linear infrastructure sharing of a range of potential mine to port transportation links for 47 mine locations operated by 28 separate companies in the Upper Spencer Gulf Region of South Australia. We mapped transport links based on least‐cost pathways for different levels of linear‐infrastructure sharing and used expert‐elicited impacts of linear infrastructure to estimate the consequences for biodiversity. Capital costs were calculated based on estimates of construction costs, compensation payments, and transaction costs. We evaluated proposed mine‐port links by comparing biodiversity impacts and capital costs across 3 scenarios: an independent scenario, where no infrastructure is shared; a restricted‐access scenario, where the largest mining companies share infrastructure but exclude smaller mining companies from sharing; and a shared scenario where all mining companies share linear infrastructure. Fully shared development of linear infrastructure reduced overall biodiversity impacts by 76% and reduced capital costs by 64% compared with the independent scenario. However, there was considerable variation among companies. Our restricted‐access scenario showed only modest biodiversity benefits relative to the independent scenario, indicating that reductions are likely to be limited if the dominant mining companies restrict access to infrastructure, which often occurs without policies that promote sharing of infrastructure. Our research helps illuminate the circumstances under which infrastructure sharing can minimize the biodiversity impacts of development.     

煤矿安全许可管理的思路与探索

为提高煤矿安全许可的时效性、有效性、权威性和可操作性,本文追溯了煤矿安全许可这一概念的产生过程、包含范围和实施目的及意义;剖析了目前煤矿安全许可在实践中面临的困惑,在此基础上,重点介绍了陕西煤监机构对安全生产许可证颁证条件、程序等管理上的突破与创新,对煤矿建设项目安全设施设计审查、安全设施及条件竣工验收管理中新的思路,特别是探索性的做法,这对煤矿安全许可管理有积极的借鉴意义。     

事故经济损失分析

在研究国内外有关事故经济损失要素及分类方法的基础上,结合我国GB6721-86<企业职工伤亡事故经济损失统计标准>和<工伤保险条例>(中华人民共和国国务院令第375号)的相关内容,提出了实行工伤保险企业的一起事故的经济损失费用要素及分类方法,具有一定的现实意义.     

Korea's policy instruments for waste minimization

This paper considers the current status of waste generation and waste treatment trends, and introduces a wide variety of policy instruments for waste minimization at every stage of economic activity in Korea, i.e., production, distribution, and consumption. At each stage, the Korean government has imposed a policy mix of direct regulations and economic incentives. These policy instruments have made definite contributions to a reduction of waste generation and an increase in the recycling rate. Despite these fruitful outcomes, there are still some shortcomings with respect to efficiency and equity. Among other aspects, this paper examines three representative economic incentives – the charge system, the volume-based-collection fee system, and the deposit–refund system – and identifies shortcomings in each. Some suggestions are made for the creation of better systems of economic incentives. However, many experts insist that this kind of piecemeal change in each policy instrument is not enough to achieve the ultimate goal of resource circulation and an environmentally friendly society, especially in Korea, which is a country with little land, a high population density, and a high economic growth rate. Among experts, special emphasis is placed on the activation of recycling industries to achieve these goals. Received: April 2, 2001 / Accepted: September 10, 2001     

我国环境经济政策现状与发展建议

本文简述了我国环境经济政策的主要内容以及实施中遇到的突出问题，并结合《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》中关于环境经济政策的最新要求，提出了进一步推进和完善我国环境经济政策的建议。     

流域水质资源有偿使用机制的思考——以东江为例

阐述了水质资源的基本概念和水质资源计价原则及定价方法,介绍了恢复成本法作为水质资本定价方法和确定水质资本核算函数和曲线的步骤.然后从有偿使用与生态补偿的概念、使用权和所有权以及支付方式3个方面对二者进行比较,指出有偿使用体制可实现水质资源使用权与国家所有权分离,从而可构成市场主体的财产权.基于以上概念和方法,从分析东江水源区的优质水保护与东江供水的关系入手,指出实行水质资源有偿使用的迫切性和重要性,从实现社会公平和完善市场机制两方面分析有偿使用的必要性,并提出了有偿使用机制的若干建议.     

Required hours of practice for learner drivers: A comparison between two Australian jurisdictions

Problem

This study considers whether requiring learner drivers to complete a set number of hours while on a learner license affects the amount of hours of supervised practice that they undertake. It compares the amount of practice that learners in Queensland and New South Wales report undertaking. At the time the study was conducted, learner drivers in New South Wales were required to complete 50 hours of supervised practice while those from Queensland were not.

Method

Participants were approached outside driver licensing centers after they had just completed their practical driving test to obtain their provisional (intermediate) license. Those agreeing to participate were interviewed over the phone later and asked a range of questions to obtain information including socio-demographic details and amount of supervised practice completed.

Results

There was a significant difference in the amount of practice that learners reported undertaking. Participants from New South Wales reported completing a significantly greater amount of practice (M = 73.3 hours, sd = 29.12 hours) on their learner license than those from Queensland (M = 64.1 hours, sd = 51.05 hours). However, the distribution of hours of practice among the Queensland participants was bimodal in nature. Participants from Queensland reported either completing much less or much more practice than the New South Wales average.

Summary

While it appears that the requirement that learner drivers complete a set number of hours may increase the average amount of hours of practice obtained, it may also serve to discourage drivers from obtaining additional practice, over and above the required hours.

Impact on Industry

The results of this study suggest that the implications of requiring learner drivers to complete a set number of hours of supervised practice are complex. In some cases, policy makers may inadvertently limit the amount of hours learners obtain to the mandated amount rather than encouraging them to obtain as much practice as possible.     

比利时环境治理典型经验分析——以弗拉芒大区为例

作为欧盟的核心成员国之一,近年来比利时在环境治理方面成效显著。尤其是弗拉芒大区,逐渐形成了以"土地证书"为标志的土壤污染治理、"从摇篮到坟墓"的废弃物治理和以"许可证制度"为核心的空气污染治理等一系列特点鲜明的环境治理措施和方法。本文着重分析弗拉芒大区环境治理的机构设置和目标,以及其土地污染治理中的"土地证书"和土地交易管理,空气污治理中的工业污染源和交通污染源治理,废弃物治理中的法律、经济与自愿工具使用三个方面的典型经验。结合比利时弗拉芒大区的典型经验和现阶段我国环境政策体系存在的主要问题,建议我国环境政策体系的改进和完善,应更加注重实现污染外部性的内部化、利用市场手段来实现土壤保护和开发新的环境政策工具。     

Levying of Ecoenvironmental Compensation Fees in China: An Analysis and Proposals

In addition to estimating the total amount of the ecoenvironmental levies, the article analyzes the fee's quantitative effects on the government's major price indexes. Assuming fee collection started in calendar year 1998, total revenues collected by the end of the year 2000 are estimated to range from 6.68 billion Renminbi (RMB, unit of money used in China; 1990's comparative value, the same thereafter), 12.6 billion RMB, to 18.6 billion RMB, depending on the fee rate in question. The revenue collected in this way would, if used to finance environmental reclamation projects, greatly improve important parts of China's endangered environment. Moreover, our calculations indicate that fee collection would likely not lead to significant price fluctuations.