壬基酚的环境生物地球化学研究进展及对新污染物管理的建议

近年来,我国大气环境、水环境和土壤环境质量得到一定的改善,“碧水蓝天”已经成为常态.但随着持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素和微塑料等新污染物在环境中不断被检出,新污染物正逐步受到广泛的关注,壬基酚作为一种典型的内分泌干扰物也备受研究人员的关注.系统地概括了我国水体中壬基酚的环境行为和暴露水平,并基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法对壬基酚可能造成的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,壬基酚对水生生物的毒性效应主要包括急性毒性、生长发育毒性、雌激素效应和繁殖毒性;壬基酚在我国主要流域水体中普遍存在,其浓度平均值在60～1 000 ng·L^-1,浓度最高值可达4 628 ng·L^-1;基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法的风险评估结果表明,壬基酚对我国主要流域里的水生生物均存在一定的风险.最后,总结了目前比较常用的壬基酚处理处置和风险管控技术,比较了国际上内分泌干扰物的监管方法,针对我国在新污染物环境管理中存在的问题,提出了针对性政策建议,研究结果可以为我国新污染物管理和管控提供参考.     

经济发达县域耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其影响因素分析

通过对昆山市14个区镇91个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Hg、Zn 8种重金属测定分析，对该市耕地土壤重金属污染进行评价并进行重金属污染的影响因素分析。结果表明，昆山市耕地土壤存在不同程度的轻微污染，重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg、Zn均超过国家土壤背景值，旱地、水田中均以Hg污染范围较广、变异系数较大。综合污染指数表现为水田（115）>旱地（100）。区镇耕地重金属污染评价表明千灯、陆扬、石浦、锦溪、石牌处于警戒值之内，蓬朗、周庄、张浦、正仪、周市、巴城、淀山湖、花桥、陆家轻度污染；昆山市耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量，能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时，研究表明区域重金属轻微污染具有复合污染的特性，Cd、Pb相关性最高(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗=0621 0)， Pb与Hg、Cu、Zn、Cu与Cr也有相关性（0438 7、0426 0、0350 9、0394 0），区域重金属的轻微污染受人为因素影响显著，研究指出应加强对区域优先控制污染物Hg、次优先控制污染物Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr的控制与治理。     

长江中上游表层沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

大坝蓄水显著改变了河流的水文情势,进而影响着河流沉积物的颗粒组成和重金属形态.2019年6～7月,从长江上游金沙江攀枝花市至长江中游湖口县,沿长江干流调查了26个断面,采用欧共体BCR 3步提取法分析了沉积物中8种重金属(As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni、 Pb和Zn)的含量及其赋存形态,并用重金属地累积指数法、沉积物质量基准法和风险评价编码法(RAC)对沉积物重金属污染程度和生物有效性进行风险评价.结果表明,长江上游库区段(金沙江梯级水库段和三峡库区段)从上游至下游沉积物的粒径均值呈减小趋势,沉积物As和Zn全量呈增加趋势,中游段变化规律不明显.沉积物黏粒含量与弱酸提取态Cd和Ni含量呈显著正相关.Cd以残渣态(59.26%)和弱酸提取态(24.67%)为主,Cr(92.41%)和Ni(83.41%)以残渣态为主,As、 Co、 Cu、 Pb和Zn以残渣态和可还原态为主.As、 Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Ni和Zn污染程度大小为：金沙江段>长江中游段>三峡库区段.Cd、 Co、 Cr、 Cu、 Ni和Zn的生物有效性(RAC均值)大小：上游三峡段>中游段&...     

湟水河流域地表水体微塑料分布、风险及影响因素

为探究我国青藏高原淡水环境中微塑料的分布情况,采用金相显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱测定、野外调查和影像数据分析等方法对青海省湟水河流域丰水期63个地表水样中微塑料的分布特征和影响因素进行分析,并依据风险指数（H）和污染负荷（PLI）指数模型评估了微塑料的潜在生态风险.结果表明,流域水体中微塑料丰度范围为665~8780 n ·m^-3,湟源县水系平均丰度最高,达5414 n ·m^-3,各支流丰度从上游到下游逐渐增大.微塑料中薄膜类和颗粒类分别占36%和33%,透明和黑色分别占67%和17%,粒径在0.45~50 μm的占70%,聚乙烯（66%）和聚丙烯（12%）为主要的聚合物类型.微塑料丰度与耕地面积、降水量和紫外线强度正相关,与溶解氧、氧化还原电位和风速显著负相关,微塑料的分布受人类活动和环境因子的共同影响.总体上湟水河流域地表水体中微塑料的潜在生态风险较低.     

北江中上游地表水和沉积物中PAHs和PCBs污染特征和风险评估

采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定了北江中上游流域地表水和沉积物样品中多环芳烃（PAHs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）类污染物的含量,分析了PAHs和PCBs的污染水平和空间分布,并评估了污染物的健康风险和生态风险.结果表明,16种PAHs单体在所有水样和沉积物样品中均被检出,检出范围分别为41.82~443.04 ng·L^-1和59.58~635.73 ng·g^-1,北江中上游PAHs的污染水平为中、轻度.水中PAHs以二环芳烃和三环芳烃为主,沉积物中以三环芳烃和四环芳烃为主.在水样中检出了17种PCBs,浓度范围0.81~287.50 ng·L^-1,以六氯联苯和七氯联苯为主;沉积物中检出了8种PCBs,含量范围0.13~3.96 ng·g^-1,以五氯联苯和七氯联苯为主.整个调查区域内地表水中PAHs和PCBs的终生致癌风险指数小于10^-4,处于中、低水平;非致癌风险指数均小于1,不存在非致癌风险.采用风险商值（RQ）法对地表水中污染物进行生态风险评价,研究区域内地表水中PAHs和PCBs生态风险总体处于中低风险水平,个别点位存在重度风险的污染物单体,值得引起重视.采用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）对沉积物中污染物进行生态风险评估,沉积物中PAHs和PCBs均处于较低的生态风险水平.     

矿区地下水环境影响评价的关键问题探讨

随着人类社会经济的快速发展,地下水环境问题日益严重,由于地下水环境影响具有隐蔽性和滞后性,在矿区建设生产前必须对地下水环境影响进行评价。结合某拟建整合灰岩矿的地下水环境影响评价,进行了实例分析,确定了保护目标、地下水环境影响识别、矿坑涌水量的计算、预测评价方法的选取等关键技术,以期为相似矿区地下水环境影响评价提供参考。     

Life cycle assessment analysis of active and passive acid mine drainage treatment technologies

Acid mine drainage (AMD), resulting from open-cast coal mining, is currently one of the largest environmental challenges facing the mining industry. In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impacts associated with the construction, operation and maintenance of different AMD treatment options typically employed. LCA is a well-reported tool but is not documented for AMD treatment systems despite their ubiquitous implementation worldwide. This study conducted detailed LCA analysis for various passive and active AMD treatment approaches implemented or considered at a major coal mine in New Zealand using a comparative functional unit of kg acidity removed per day for each treatment option. Eight treatment scenarios were assessed including active limestone and hydrated lime treatments, and compared to passive treatments using limestone and waste materials such as mussel shells. Both midpoint and endpoint LCA impact categories were assessed. Generally, the active treatment scenarios demonstrated greater LCA impacts compared to an equivalent level of treatment for the passive treatment approaches. Lime slaking had the greatest LCA impacts, while passive treatment approaches incurred consistently less impacts except for one passive treatment with a purchased energy scenario. A 50% reduction in transportation distances resulted in the lowest LCA impacts for all scenarios. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the environmental and social impacts of AMD treatment for the mining industry.     

遥感调查方法在河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估方面的应用研究

河北省省级自然保护区以自然生态系统类型为主,人类活动较为频繁,将遥感评估方法应用于河北省省级自然保护区生态环境变化评估具有重要意义。本文通过分析高分辨率遥感卫星影像的特点,结合河北省省级自然保护区的实际情况,优先选取分辨率为2m的民用卫星,提出了遥感调查方法在自然保护区人类活动和开发建设活动中自动监测、生态系统格局变化、生态系统质量变化以及人类活动干扰程度四方面的评估应用。     

Transitions of municipal solid waste management. Part II: Hybrid life cycle assessment of Swiss glass-packaging disposal

In policy support of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, life cycle assessment (LCA) can serve to compare the environmental or economic impacts of two or more options for waste processing. The scope of waste management LCAs generally focuses less attention on future developments, e.g., where will recycling take place, and more on the environmental performance of prototypes, e.g., the incineration of all waste compared to recycling. To provide more robust support for Swiss waste glass-packaging disposal, scenarios of Swiss waste glass-packaging are assessed from a life cycle perspective. The scenarios consist in schemes for the disposal of the total amount of Swiss waste glass-packaging, i.e., different combinations of recycling and downcycling in Switzerland or abroad developed in Part I, Meylan et al. (2013). In this article (Part II), the disposal schemes are assessed with respect to eco-efficiency, an indicator that combines total environmental impacts and gross value added in Switzerland. Results show that no policy alternative guarantees environmental impact reductions and gross value added gains under all developments of exogenous constraints. Downcycling to foam glass in Switzerland is not only an environmentally sound disposal option, but it also buffers gross value added losses in case domestic recycling (and thus glass-packaging production in Switzerland) ceases in the future. The substitution of products based on raw materials other than Swiss cullet is the main responsible for change in environmental and economic impacts. Hence, an eco-efficiency maximizing policy should consider the products of disposal schemes. The combination of scenario analysis and eco-efficiency assessment as presented in this paper can be applied to other contexts (i.e., countries, waste fractions).     

贮存寿命评价工具箱设计研究

作为装备贮存可靠性与贮存寿命评价的关键技术,加速寿命试验和加速退化试验已在工程中广泛应用,基于物理分析的贮存寿命特征检测技术也逐步在贮存寿命评价工程中开展。贮存寿命评价技术已有一套完整的理论基础并积累了大量的工程实践经验,但行业内至今仍缺少专门针对贮存寿命评价的软件工具。本文通过对贮存寿命评价工具箱的需求分析研究工作,构建了工具箱的技术框架,并给出工具箱各主要模块的业务流程图和业务概念图,为贮存寿命工具箱的开发提供了支撑。