大亚湾核电站运转前后附近地区动物体肝组织、红细胞中超氧物歧化酶活性

本文采用邻苯三酚自氧化法，测定了大亚湾核电站Ⅰ、Ⅱ号机组运转前与后第１年、第２年附近地区动物体肝组织及红细胞中超氧物歧化酶（ＥＣ１．１５．１．１Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ，ＳＯＤ）活性变化，结果发现Ⅰ、Ⅱ号机组运转后第１年与第２年，鱼类，细鳞（ＴｈｅｒａｐｏｎＪａｒｂｕａ）红细胞与肝组织中ＳＯＤ活性较运转前明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５），血红蛋白略有下降，肝组织蛋白无明显变化，两栖类动物蟾蜍（Ｂｕｆｏｍｅｌａｎｏｓｔｉｃｔｕｓ）红细胞ＳＯＤ活性运转后亦明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），但肝组织中ＳＯＤ活性呈现下降（Ｐ＜０．０５），血红蛋白及肝组织蛋白无明显性变化，本文对其变化可能原因进行了讨论。     

广西扶绥肝癌高发与饮水水质关系的研究

广西扶绥是我国肝癌高发县之一，病区居民主要饮有机污染严重的塘水，塘水中的有机污染指标和某些有机组分均很高，而且与死亡率呈显的正相关关系。而石灰岩层中的深井水则相反，水质好，死亡率很低。测试结果表明，塘水中存在亚硝胺类化合物，它们与死亡率有较好的平行关系。用这类塘水进行人体外周血淋巴细胞微核试验和细胞染色体畸变试验，证明其中有致突变的化学物质。通过换水可阻截水中有害有机物和致癌物进入人体，以达到增     

Evaluation of biochemical effects related to perfluorooctane sulfonic acid exposure in organohalogen-contaminated great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus) nestlings

A perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) biomonitoring survey was conducted on great tit (Parus major) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus) nestlings from Blokkersdijk, a bird reserve in the proximity of a fluorochemical plant in Antwerp (Belgium) and Fort IV, a control area. PFOS, together with 11 organochlorine pesticides, 20 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers were measured in liver tissue. The hepatic PFOS concentrations at Blokkersdijk (86–2788 and 317–3322 ng/g wet weight (ww) for great and blue tit, respectively) were among the highest ever measured and were significantly higher than at the control area (17–206 and 69–514 ng/g ww for great and blue tit, respectively). The hepatic PFOS concentration was species- and sex-independent and correlated significantly and positively with the serum alanine aminotransferase activity and negatively with the serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both species but did not correlate with condition or serum protein concentration. In the great tit, a significant positive correlation was observed between the liver PFOS concentration and the relative liver weight. In the blue tit, the hepatic PFOS concentration correlated positively and significantly with hematocrite values. None of the investigated organohalogen pollutants except for PFOS were suggested to be involved in the observed biological alterations.     

Reproductive Parameters of Adult Birds and Morphophysiological Characteristics of Chicks in the Pied Flycatcher (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficedula hypoleuca</Emphasis> Pall.) in Technogenically Polluted Habitats

Effects of toxic emissions (heavy metals and sulfur dioxide) on reproductive parameters of adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca Pall.) and morphophysiological characteristics of their progeny have been studied in the vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper-Smelting Plant. In polluted areas, the fecundity of adult birds is lower, mortality among the progeny is higher, and changes in the physiological parameters of birds are observed. The effects of toxic load are better manifested in nestlings than in adult birds. They include an increase in the liver index, the reduction of hemoglobin concentration, and an increase in the proportion of immature erythrocytes in the peripheral blood. The proportion of anemic birds also increases. The weakening of nestlings facilitates their infestation by the larvae of parasitic flies. Changes in the differential blood count of nestlings reflect the combined impact of toxic pollutants and parasites.     

单甲脒和2,4—二甲基苯胺在大鼠肝脏中的残留分析

本文研究了大鼠肝脏中单甲脒及其代谢产物２，４－二甲基苯胺残留量的气相色谱分析方法。肝脏匀浆用１ｍｏｌ．１＾－１ｈＨＣ１加热回流提取，等分为Ａ，Ｂ两份，Ａ份溶液调ｐＨ至１３后用石油醚萃取定容；Ｂ份加两倍体积的１０ｍｏｌ．１＾－１ＮａＯＨ溶解后用石油醚萃取定容。分别经七氟丁酸酐衍生化，用带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪测定２，４－二甲基苯胺的含量，最后计算单甲脒的残留量。该方法对２，４－二甲基苯胺的最低检     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯皮肤暴露致Balb/c小鼠肝肾组织氧化损伤的研究

作为"绿色换代产品",邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)在全球范围逐渐取代邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)成为聚氯乙烯制品的主要增塑剂.但人体DINP暴露也可能存在健康隐患,故近年来受到越来越多环境科学领域专家的关注.为了探讨DINP皮肤暴露是否对机体有氧化损伤的作用,本研究以Balb/c小鼠为模式生物进行实验,42只雄性Balb/c小鼠随机被分为5个DINP染毒组(0.02、0.2、2、20、200 mg·kg-1)和1个溶剂对照组,每组7只.皮肤染毒28 d后,用所获得的肝和肾组织匀浆测定活性氧自由基(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),用所获得的肝和肾细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)系数,同时观察小鼠背部皮肤的形态变化情况.实验结果表明,随着DINP染毒剂量的升高,脏器系数、ROS和MDA含量及DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标均呈现出一定的剂量-反应关系(p0.05,p0.01).研究表明,较高剂量的DINP(≥20 mg·kg-1)亦可通过皮肤暴露的方式造成小鼠肝脏和肾脏组织细胞的氧化损伤.     

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in cattle meat and organs slaughtered in selected towns in West Shoa Zone,Ethiopia

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in a total of 90 cattle samples comprising meat, liver and kidney collected from carcasses slaughtered in six towns in West Shoa Zone, Ethiopia, (Ambo, Guder, Ginchi, Gedo, Holeta and Tikur Inchini), have been determined. The pesticides were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and quantification was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A good linearity (r² > 0.998) was found in the range 0.001–7.00 mg/kg for the samples studied. Most of the pesticides had recoveries in the range 81–99% and values of relative standard deviation (RSD) <7.2% for repeatability and reproducibility, showing good accuracy and precision of the method. The concentration level of the studied organochlorines followed the order: p, p’ dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) > endosulfan>o,p′-DDT >lindane>dieldrin>endrin>aldrin>chlorothanolin while the order of contamination in the analyzed organs was liver > kidney > meat. Heat treatment of the meat, kidney and liver samples (boiling for 90 min.) produced an overall reduction of 62.2%, 44.5%, 37.7%, 29%, 31%, 34.3% and 30.8% in lindane, o, p′-DDT, endosulfan, p, p′-DDT, chlorothanolin, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin, respectively. Although the residual contents of the organochlorines detected in all the contaminated samples analyzed from the six cities were below the respective maximal permissible levels set by international organizations, samples from Holeta town were more contaminated and may necessitate effective monitoring as bioaccumulation of these residues may pose health problems in human beings.