畜禽粪便中氮磷及抗生素的高效检测方法研究进展

本文对目前粪便中氮磷和抗生素的常规检测方法和前沿检测技术进行了介绍,讨论了这些方法的技术瓶颈和未来研究方向,并得出以下结论：1）粪便样品的常规检测方法具有准确度高、灵敏度好的特点,但需要在专业实验室进行或需要使用大型仪器,难以满足原位快速检测或在线监测的需要,因此粪便中氮磷、抗生素检测新技术的研究十分必要;2）粪便中的氮磷、抗生素等成分可通过前处理方法提取,再结合简单、便捷的电化学法、荧光法等对其进行检测,以实现快速、原位分析或在线监测;3）粪便中污染物的高效检测技术在未来的发展空间和需求较大,将电化学法、荧光法等应用于粪便中氮磷、抗生素的检测需要持续深入的基础研究和技术创新.     

Mechanistic understanding of human–wildlife conflict through a novel application of dynamic occupancy models

Crop and livestock depredation by wildlife is a primary driver of human–wildlife conflict, a problem that threatens the coexistence of people and wildlife globally. Understanding mechanisms that underlie depredation patterns holds the key to mitigating conflicts across time and space. However, most studies do not consider imperfect detection and reporting of conflicts, which may lead to incorrect inference regarding its spatiotemporal drivers. We applied dynamic occupancy models to elephant crop depredation data from India between 2005 and 2011 to estimate crop depredation occurrence and model its underlying dynamics as a function of spatiotemporal covariates while accounting for imperfect detection of conflicts. The probability of detecting conflicts was consistently <1.0 and was negatively influenced by distance to roads and elevation gradient, averaging 0.08–0.56 across primary periods (distinct agricultural seasons within each year). The probability of crop depredation occurrence ranged from 0.29 (SE 0.09) to 0.96 (SE 0.04). The probability that sites raided by elephants in primary period t would not be raided in primary period t + 1 varied with elevation gradient in different seasons and was influenced negatively by mean rainfall and village density and positively by distance to forests. Negative effects of rainfall variation and distance to forests best explained variation in the probability that sites not raided by elephants in primary period t would be raided in primary period t + 1. With our novel application of occupancy models, we teased apart the spatiotemporal drivers of conflicts from factors that influence how they are observed, thereby allowing more reliable inference on mechanisms underlying observed conflict patterns. We found that factors associated with increased crop accessibility and availability (e.g., distance to forests and rainfall patterns) were key drivers of elephant crop depredation dynamics. Such an understanding is essential for rigorous prediction of future conflicts, a critical requirement for effective conflict management in the context of increasing human–wildlife interactions.     

Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming (ECCLPF) in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city’s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city’s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei’an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.     

蟒蛇河水源保护区畜禽养殖污染分析及对策

在对盐城市盐都区畜禽养殖业污染源调查的基础上,介绍了蟒蛇河水源保护区内畜禽养殖业的现状,分析了畜禽养殖对环境的危害以及污染环境的原因,提出防治畜禽养殖污染的对策。     

规模化养猪废水处理工程设计与运行研究

针对养猪废水有机物、氨氮浓度高,水质波动范围大,水力冲击负荷强,常规工艺难以处理达标等水质特点,设计固液分离-气浮-厌氧-SBR-气浮组合工艺处理规模化养猪废水.经调试后运行结果表明:工艺运行稳定,且经过该工艺处理后,原水COD由6 000 mg/L下降至60.4 mg/L,BOD5由3 500 mg/L下降至11.5 mg/L, SS浓度由4 200 mg/L下降至21 mg/L,NH3-N由700 mg/L下降至14.8 mg/L,TP由180 mg/L下降至0.298 mg/L,去除率分别达到99%,99.7%,99.5%,97.9%和99.8%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8987-1996)的一级排放标准,优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001).     

畜禽粪污生物好氧发酵固氮研究现状及其影响因素研究

好氧发酵是有效实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,尽管好氧发酵在处理畜禽粪便过程中有很多优势,但其存在潜在的环境问题.大多数氮素是以氨气的形式挥发损失,还有少量的氧化态氮挥发,或者以硝态氮随水流失,氮的流失一方面降低了好氧发酵成品中的氮含量,也就降低了成品农学价值;另一方面成了臭气的环境污染源.本文阐述了畜禽粪便好氧发酵过程中氮素转化及主要损失途径,在实践经验的基础上,总结分析了影响好氧发酵过程中氮素损失的主要因素(包括物料初始特性、堆体环境参数、工艺条件),提出了有效控制氮素损失的调控措施.     

青藏高原天然草地载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究

青藏高原草地植被和牲畜是影响该地区生态环境的主要影响因素, 因此, 研究此两项因素及 其之间的关系, 对于保护青藏高原生态环境、促进经济发展具有重要的意义。为此, 论文利用 2003-2004 年青藏高原天然草地产草量观测资料, 经过GPS 定位, 与NOAA/AVHRR 植被指数建 立了天然草地产草量反演模型及不同区域尺度天然草地年最大产草量、载畜量估算模型; 同时, 利 用粮食、油菜、青饲料等农业产量和林地面积等资料, 估算了青藏高原精、粗饲料的载畜能力, 分别 建立了天然草地以及考虑补饲后的草畜平衡监测模型, 分析了青藏高原及其县、地、省等不同区域 天然草地以及区域总体牲畜承载能力和草畜平衡状况。结果表明: 青海和西藏在天然草地和农业等 其它补饲共同承载下, 2003-2004 年年平均最大载畜能力分别为3 140×104、2 865×104 只标准羊单 位, 超载率分别为16%、78%, 两省平均超载率为45%。分地州来看, 两省除青海的果洛州和玉树州 实际牲畜数量没有超过当地的最大承载能力、青海海西州和西藏林芝地区草畜基本平衡以外, 其余 地州均有不同程度的超载, 其中果洛州和玉树州天然草地牲畜超载率分别为- 11%、- 26%, 利于“三 江源”地区天然草地植被的恢复和生态环境的改善; 青海黄南州、海北州、海南州、西宁市、海东地区 和西藏昌都、那曲、阿里地区牲畜超载率为45%～97%, 西藏拉萨市、日喀则、山南地区达115%～ 153%, 这些地区应适当降低牲畜数量或加大补饲力度, 以减轻对当地生态承载的压力。青海牲畜超 载的县主要位于东部, 西藏超载的县主要位于西部和南部大部地区。     

我国畜禽养殖业引致的环境问题及主要对策

在阐述目前畜禽养殖业引致的主要环境问题及其与可持续发展关系的基础上 ,从生态系统学的角度提出应强化规模化畜禽养殖废弃物的综合利用 ,开展固体废弃物和污水治理等相关领域的研究 ,进一步做好畜禽养殖污染防治工作 ,有效地保护和改善农村生态环境 ,以期促进畜禽养殖环境与经济的协调发展。     

国内外规模化猪场废水处理工艺技术新进展

系统地介绍了国内外规模化猪场粪污处理发展动态，并得出结论：控制猪场废水污染较经济合理的方法是以厌氧工艺为主，辅以好氧、物理、化学处理的组合工艺系统。