Costs and Benefits of the Presence of Leopards to the Sport‐Hunting Industry and Local Communities in Niassa National Reserve,Mozambique

Sport hunting is often proposed as a tool to support the conservation of large carnivores. However, it is challenging to provide tangible economic benefits from this activity as an incentive for local people to conserve carnivores. We assessed economic gains from sport hunting and poaching of leopards (Panthera pardus), costs of leopard depredation of livestock, and attitudes of people toward leopards in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique. We sent questionnaires to hunting concessionaires (n = 8) to investigate the economic value of and the relative importance of leopards relative to other key trophy‐hunted species. We asked villagers (n = 158) the number of and prices for leopards poached in the reserve and the number of goats depredated by leopard. Leopards were the mainstay of the hunting industry; a single animal was worth approximately U.S.$24,000. Most safari revenues are retained at national and international levels, but poached leopard are illegally traded locally for small amounts ($83). Leopards depredated 11 goats over 2 years in 2 of 4 surveyed villages resulting in losses of $440 to 6 households. People in these households had negative attitudes toward leopards. Although leopard sport hunting generates larger gross revenues than poaching, illegal hunting provides higher economic benefits for households involved in the activity. Sport‐hunting revenues did not compensate for the economic losses of livestock at the household level. On the basis of our results, we propose that poaching be reduced by increasing the costs of apprehension and that the economic benefits from leopard sport hunting be used to improve community livelihoods and provide incentives not to poach. Costos y Beneficios de la Presencia de Leopardos para la Industria de la Caza Deportiva y las Comunidades Locales en Niassa, Reserva Nacional, Mozambique     

北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖污染现状及防治对策研究

畜禽养殖业产生的畜禽粪污对空气、土壤、地表水及地下水均会造成污染.调研了北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业现状,分析了其污染空间分布及粪污处理方式,并提出了畜禽养殖存在的主要问题.结合国内外研究及北运河流域(北京段)概况,从布局、粪污处理、资金投入等方面提出了应对措施与建议,为环境管理部门开展畜禽养殖污染防治提供借鉴与参考.     

浙江省畜禽养殖业废水污染特征及环境风险评估研究

根据国家畜禽养殖业水污染物排放标准意见征求工作,对浙江省8家不同规模的养猪场开展了监测分析。研究发现,废水中COD、TN、NH4－N和BOD5等主要污染因子平均浓度超出征求意见稿中直接排放限值;重金属元素Zn和As最大的超标倍数分别为3.87和0.7倍;废水的综合污染指数为7.23,为重度污染级。进一步验证了畜禽养殖业废水属高污染、高环境风险废水,要达到国家畜禽养殖业水污染物排放标准,需整体提升当前的畜禽养殖废水处理深度。     

基于子流域的北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖空间布局研究

根据北运河流域(北京段)畜禽养殖业污染特点及其粪便与农作物养分供求关系,采用养分平衡法对各子流域畜禽养殖粪便养分实际排放量、实际负荷量、主要作物最大养分需求量、作物所需畜禽粪便养分最大负荷量、畜禽养殖承载力进行了核算,结果表明北运河干流、沙河流域、温榆河干流、凉水河流域和蔺沟河流域的畜禽实际承载量已超过畜禽土地承载力,研究结果对于环境部门加强畜禽养殖污染防治和农业部门合理进行农业规划有重要参考意义.     

河南省畜禽养殖污染调查及时空特征分析研究

根据2003年-2012年河南省统计年鉴相关数据和各种估算参数,对河南省2003年-2012年18个地级市五个畜种——生猪、肉牛、奶牛、蛋鸡、肉鸡的污染物排放总量及其污染物排放负荷进行调查分析,以期为河南省畜禽养殖污染的综合治理工作提供科学依据。研究结果表明:河南省2003年-2012年间污染物排放整体呈现平稳状态,2007年波动较大;五个主要畜种中,肉牛的污染物排放平均负荷最大为48.15%,其次为生猪39.70%,肉鸡8.67%,奶牛2.65%,蛋鸡0.83%;不同地区中以南阳市污染物排放量最大,其次是驻马店市,周口市,商丘市,信阳市,五市的COD、总氮、总磷排放量分别占到了全省相应污染物排放总量的54.49%,52.36%和48.51%。     

WATER CHEMISTRY OF NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS STRIP MINE AND LIVESTOCK WATER IMPOUNDMENTS1

The water from 34 strip mine and 9 livestock water impoundments on the Northern Great Plains was analyzed. In all areas the water was classified as slightly brackish or saline. The dominant ion sequence for the study ponds was Na>Ca>Mg>K and SO₄HCO₃CO₃Cl, which differs from most freshwater by the transposition of Na and SO₄. Even though mean concentrations of total filterable residue were consistently greater in strip mine ponds, statistically significant differences were not found at the p ≤ 0.05 level between strip ponds and livestock ponds. The macronutrients of nitrogen and phosphorus found in the ponds were neither limiting to primary productivity nor excessive for fresh water. Many ponds contain turbid water. Turbidity restricts light penetration and limits photosynthesis besides making the ponds visually unattractive. The source of water for the pond, whether surface runoff or groundwater, seems to have important bearing on turbidity. The most appropriate use of these strip mine ponds is for waterfowl, warm-water fisheries, and other wildlife associated with prairie wetlands. However, even these uses are jeopardized by detrimental concentrations of trace elements in the water (Anderson and Hawkes, 1984).     

OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro-power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.     

INFILTRATION AND WATER QUALITY ON RANGE SITES AT FORT STANTON,NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic impacts of livestock grazing schemes on selected plant communities and soils at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, were evaluated. Simulated rainfall was applied to 1 m²plots. On a mesa-top, infiltration rates for a grassland livestock exclosure and a pinyon pine-juniper community closely approximated each other and were significantly greater (P = 0.10) than either a moderate continuous or a heavy continuous treatment in a grassland community. Sediment concentration from the heavy continuous treatment was more than twice that of the other treatments. Infiltration rates on the hillside site were highest in a pinyon pine-juniper community receiving short duration grazing. Infiltration for this treatment was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.10) than that of a short duration grazing treatment, but not from a rest rotation grazing treatment on grassland. The short duration grazing treatment on a grassland had the highest sediment concentration, while the rest rotation grazing on a grassland and the short duration pinyon pine-juniper treatments were found to be similar. In the bottomland site, a fertilized and unfertilized treatment showed no significant difference in infiltration or sediment concentration, although twice as many animals were present on the fertilized treatment.     

昆明市规模化畜禽养殖场污染现状及控制对策

对昆明市畜禽养殖污染现状调查显示,2002年规模化畜禽养殖场产生粪尿207290t,大部分被作为农家肥处理掉,平均使用率为85%,但几乎未经过无害化处理,对周围区域水体及湖泊造成严重污染.政府应对畜禽养殖业进行宏观监挖,加大环境管理力度,加强畜禽污水监测排放,并进行减量化治理,无害化处理,综合利用,循环发展,实现生态养殖.     

畜禽粪污集中处理模式中的三方演化博弈研究——基于规模差异与政府干预视角

作为环境污染治理的新举措,畜禽粪污集中处理中心虽然在高效处理粪污、提高资源利用质量、改善农村环境等方面发挥了显著作用,但是,其在运营中依然存在各种各样的问题,如设备利用率低下、粪污未能得到有效收集、骗取补贴等。为了探讨上述运营困境的形成机理,本文从养殖规模差异化与政府干预视角出发,构建政府、养殖户与处理中心三方共同参与的演化博弈模型,并在不同情境下探讨三方策略选择的影响因素与演化路径。研究表明,当小规模养殖户占比较高时,处理中心会选择“投机”策略加以获利,反之,在粪污处理需求大的规模养殖地区,处理中心则倾向于“不投机”的稳定经营策略;虽然政府补贴对于养殖户选择“参与”策略具有促进作用,但是,对于小规模养殖户而言,仍有一定的概率选择“不参与”策略;政府需要综合考虑处理中心的预期收益、受奖惩力度等因素制定合理补贴范畴,若补贴过高且缺乏相应的监管机制,处理中心会为了谋求更多利益而采取“投机”策略;当处理中心投机行为较频繁时,政府需加大监管并提高惩罚力度,以维护畜禽粪污集中处理模式正常运作。